| 词条 | RMS Umbria | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
ConstructionThe Umbria had many distinguishing features that included two enormous funnels which gave the outward impression of huge power. She also had three large steel masts which when fully rigged had an extensive spread of canvas. Another innovation on Umbria was that she was equipped with refrigeration machinery, but it was the single-screw propulsion that would bring the most publicity later in her career. The ship epitomized the luxuries of Victorian style. The public rooms in the 1st class were full of ornately carved furniture, heavy velvet curtains hung in all the rooms, and they were decorated with the bric-a-brac that period fashion dictated. These rooms and the 1st class cabins were situated on the promenade, upper, saloon and main decks. There was also a music room, a smoking room for gentleman, separate dining rooms for 1st and 2nd class passengers. By the standard of the day 2nd class accommodation was moderate but spacious and comfortable. By early October 1884 Umbria had completed her sea trials and on 1 November 1884 she set off to New York City on her maiden voyage. She was commanded by Captain Theodore Cook, who was Cunard’s senior captain.[1] Liverpool-to-New York serviceRMS Umbria started her regular service to New York City from Liverpool, but the clouds of crises were looming, and were to bring Umbria{{'}}s North Atlantic service to a halt temporarily. Armed merchant cruiserSince 1813, there had been tensions between the British Empire and Russia due to Russia's southward expansion into Afghanistan. In March, 1885, the Panjdeh incident caused a war scare, and on 26 March Umbria and RMS Etruria found themselves chartered to the Admiralty, and Umbria was armed as a merchant cruiser. Shortly after this date the dispute with Russia was settled, and RMS Etruria was returned to the North Atlantic service, but the Umbria was retained for a further six months as a precaution. She had been fitted with {{convert|5|in|mm|adj=on}} guns and it was thought that should the need arise she would have been a powerful auxiliary to the new ironclad navy of the era. Return to serviceIn September 1885 Umbria was released from government service and resumed the Atlantic service. She worked for the next few years without any major incident.[1]
The Blue RibandIn 1887 RMS Umbria gained the prestigious "Blue Riband" when on 29 May she beat her sister ship's record of the year before. She set off from Queenstown (Cobh) to cross the North Atlantic, westbound. She got across to Sandy Hook on 4 April, in 6 days 4 hours and 12 minutes, averaging a speed of {{convert|19.22|kn|km/h}} and covering a distance of {{convert|2848|nmi|km}}. Her sister RMS Etruria regained the Blue Riband the following year. On 10 November 1888 RMS Umbria was outward bound from New York when she collided with and sank the trading steamer SS Iberia of the Fabre Line, near Sandy Hook. The stern part of the Iberia was completely cut off. The blame for this accident was placed upon the RMS Umbria, which it was said was travelling at a dangerous speed, said to be {{convert|17|kn|km/h}}.[1]
Trouble at seaOn 12 April 1890 the RMS Umbria set off on her usual voyage from New York City with 655 passengers aboard. Five days out, in mid-Atlantic she came across the stricken Norwegian barque Magdalena (see Link below). She had struck an iceberg and was waterlogged. Captain Gunderson and his crew of eight were very lucky to have been spotted by the Umbria, who rescued them after Gunderson had finished the Magdalena off by setting fire to her. Four days later all were landed safely at Liverpool. On 17 December 1892, RMS Umbria left Liverpool with, after stopping at Queenstown (Cobh), Ireland, 400 passengers aboard along with a large amount of mail. She was due to arrive in New York on Christmas Day. By 28 December she still had not arrived and speculation as to what had delayed her was growing. News came on 29 December from the steamship Galileo, who had passed her on Christmas Day. She appeared disabled. The master of the Galileo also reported that she displayed three red lights, indicating that she was unmanageable, but did not require assistance. The weather was said to be foul with a severe north-westerly gale. Another steamer called the Monrovian had also passed her but reported the Umbria to be in good shape. On 30 December the steamship Manhanset reported that again the RMS Umbria did not require assistance and that she was carrying out repairs to a broken shaft. In fact the Umbria{{'}}s troubles had started on Friday 23 December at around 5:25 p.m. Her propeller shaft had fractured at the thrust block. Her main engines were stopped immediately, and the Umbria drifted helplessly in gale-force winds and a heavy sea. The chief engineer worked relentlessly with his staff to make repairs to the shaft. Later that day at 8:15 pm the steamship Bohemia had agreed to tow the ship to New York, but the line broke around 10 p.m. in the severe storm and visibility was nil. Next morning there was no sign of the Bohemia, and once again the Umbria was drifting helplessly. Then came the encounters with the other two steamers, but by the 26th the Cunarder Gallia and the Umbria had established contact with each other and after some communications between masters, the Gallia had refused to stand by, and carried on her voyage; the Umbria was left to make repairs. The chief engineer achieved this on 27 December and very slowly she set off for New York City. She arrived there at 11 p.m. on Saturday 31 December 1892, and her arrival was witnessed by thousands of New Yorkers who had gathered to cheer her safe arrival. When the excitement had died down the recriminations started, which ended when Cunard prepared a statement explaining why the Gallia had continued on without assisting the Umbria. Further repairs were carried out on the Umbria and she returned to Liverpool on 4 February 1893. By 1 April she was back on the service.[1] StuckIn May 1896 the British steamship Vedra collided with and sank the coal-laden barge Andrew Jackson. This incident had no connection with the RMS Umbria, but she would become involved in an incident as a consequence of this collision. At 9 a.m. on Saturday 28 June 1896 the Umbria left her pier at the foot of Clarkson Street on the North River. After one hour she was in the ship channel near the turn into Gedney Channel, two miles (3 km) from Sandy Hook. It was here that Umbria struck the sunken hulk and became stuck fast. All day she remained stuck until the combination of a flood tide and the service of seven tugs managed to pull her free of the wreck, to the cheers of the Yale rowing crew who were aboard Umbria on their way to take part in the Henley Regatta. She dropped anchor and divers reported no damage to the ship and she continued on her voyage.[1] The Boer WarWar broke out in South Africa on 12 October 1899, and two months later on 22 December RMS Umbria was chartered by the government and was prepared to carry troops and armaments to South Africa. She set sail on 11 January 1900 on her first voyage in her new role. On board were troops of the Warwickshire, Derbyshire and Durham Militia. They arrived in Cape Town on 29 January and after calls at Port Elizabeth and other ports she returned to Southampton with wounded troops. In April she again was back in South Africa and during the relief of Mafeking she was in Port Natal (now Durban) for the celebrations. She left Cape Town for the last time on 7 June, carrying 600 wounded soldiers. She arrived back at Southampton 19 days later on 26 June, and she was then returned to Cunard to resume her normal role. She was given a complete refit and returned on the New York run on 21 July.[1] Mafia bomb plot of 1903Both the RMS Umbria and RMS Etruria returned to the Liverpool-to-New York service. In 1903 RMS Umbria hit the headlines again. On 9 May, the New York City police department received a letter that explained that a bomb had been loaded aboard the RMS Umbria The letter went on to say that the bomb had been intended for the White Star Line’s RMS Oceanic, but that the bombers had changed their minds because there were a large number of women and children aboard that ship. At noon that day the Umbria was still at her berth and she was due to sail. Immediately the police sealed off the pier head and told the captain to delay the sailing. The police searched the ship and found the bomb. It was in a box {{convert|3|ft|m}} long by {{convert|2|ft|m}} wide and had been placed close to the 1st class gangway. One of the police officers tied a rope around the box and lowered it into the sea. When the box was lifted back up and opened, it was found to have {{convert|100|lb|abbr=on}} of dynamite attached to a crude timed fuse. If the bomb had exploded on the ship it would have caused considerable damage. The letter that the police had received also explained that the bomb plot was the work of the Mafia, whose aim was to destroy the British shipping interest in the port of New York. To corroborate this information the police had descriptions of two "Italian" men placing the bomb on the pier and the police eventually traced the manufacturer of the bomb back to a Chicago lodging house. The ship eventually got under way to Liverpool on 16 May.[1] Last voyageBy 1908 the careers of the Umbria and Etruria were coming to an end; however, because of mishaps to, first RMS Etruria and then to RMS Lucania, which was temporarily laid up and later caught fire, RMS Umbria had a reprieve until 1910. Her last voyage started on 12 February 1910 and her return crossing on 23 February. She arrived in the Mersey for the last time on Friday, 4 March 1910, and as soon as her passengers had disembarked, work began on dismantling all her fixtures and fittings. Within days she was sold for scrap for £20,000 to the Forth Shipbreaking Company, and she was taken to Bo'ness, Scotland. There is no doubt that both vessels were considered, in their day, to be giants of the North Atlantic. In all she made 145 round trips to New York.[1] In popular cultureThe ship is featured briefly in the last several episodes of the third and final season of the horror-drama television series Penny Dreadful. When Sir Malcolm Murray, Ethan Chandler, and Kaetenay are returning to London from the United States, the RMS Umbria is the ship they're travelling aboard: as evidenced by the ships appearance, and the name on a life-preserver on the ship. References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web|title=Chris's Cunard Page - Umbria Information|url=http://www.chriscunard.com/|website=Chris's Cunard Page|accessdate=22 May 2015}} External links
6 : Passenger ships of the United Kingdom|Steamships of the United Kingdom|Ships of the Cunard Line|Victorian-era passenger ships of the United Kingdom|World War I passenger ships of the United Kingdom|1884 ships |
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