| 词条 | Robert Graetz |
| 释义 |
|image = |image_size = 225px |caption= |birth_name = |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1928|5|16}} |birth_place = Clarksburg, West Virginia, U.S. |death_date = |death_place = |party = |spouse =Jean Ellis |children = |alma_mater=Capital University, Evangelical Lutheran Theological Seminary |website = | occupation = Clergyman, activist | movement = Civil Rights Movement | organization =Montgomery Improvement Association |Footnotes = }} Robert S. Graetz (born May 16, 1928) is a Lutheran clergyman who, as the white pastor of a black congregation in Montgomery, Alabama, openly supported the Montgomery bus boycott, a landmark event of the civil rights movement. Role in civil rights movementGraetz' first full-time job as pastor was to a black congregation, Trinity Lutheran Church, in Montgomery. He began working there in 1955, the year of the Montgomery bus boycott. A personal friend of Rosa Parks,[1] Graetz became secretary of the Montgomery Improvement Association,[2] the organization founded to organize and support the boycott. Graetz' support of the movement included appearing at meetings led by Martin Luther King Jr.[3] For his support of the boycott, Graetz and his family were ostracized by other whites and suffered several episodes of harassment, including tire slashings,[4] arrest,[5] and bombings. Bombs were planted at his home on three occasions; the largest did not explode.[4] Graetz wrote A White Preacher's Memoir: The Montgomery Bus Boycott (Black Belt Press, September 1999. {{ISBN|1-57966-015-0}}) about his experiences. The book They Walked to Freedom 1955-1956: The Story of the Montgomery Bus Boycott by Kenneth M. Hare (Sports Publishing LLC, 2005. {{ISBN|1-59670-010-6}}) contains a first-person account of his experiences as well as photographs of Graetz with King and others. Biographical detailsGraetz, of German descent, was born in Clarksburg, West Virginia, and educated in Columbus, Ohio.[6] He graduated from Capital University in Bexley, Ohio in 1950,[7] and received a B.D. in 1955 from Evangelical Lutheran Theological Seminary in Columbus, Ohio.[2] He married Jean Ellis (known as Jeannie) on June 10, 1951, in East Springfield, Pennsylvania.[2]. In 2008, the Graetzes returned to Montgomery, Alabama, where they are actively involved in various civic activities including the diversity group One Montgomery and the League of Women Voters. Each year they host the annual Graetz Symposium at the National Center for the Study of Civil Rights and African-American Culture at Alabama State University. Career
Awards
Books and publications
References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901114923/http://www4.wittenberg.edu/news/2005/01_17.html |title=Wittenberg University - Civil Rights Pioneer Encourages Self-Examination in Martin Luther King Day Address At Wittenberg |publisher=Web.archive.org |date= |accessdate=2018-10-21}} 2. ^1 2 {{dead link|date=October 2018}} 3. ^ {{dead link|date=October 2018}} 4. ^1 http://www.montgomeryboycott.com/profile_graetz.htm 5. ^ {{dead link|date=October 2018}} 6. ^ "Robert S. Graetz Jr. was born on May 16, 1928, in Clarksburg, West Virginia. His German grandfather was an ardent Lutheran who, upon seeing that his own son had chosen a career in chemical engineering, prepped his grandson for a life in the ministry." 7. ^ {{dead link|date=October 2018}} External links
9 : Living people|American people of German descent|American Lutheran clergy|Activists from Montgomery, Alabama|People from Clarksburg, West Virginia|Activists for African-American civil rights|20th-century Lutheran clergy|21st-century Lutheran clergy|1928 births |
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