| 词条 | Robert Weinberg | ||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Robert Weinberg | birth_name = Robert Allan Weinberg |image = |image_size = |caption = |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1942|11|11}} |birth_place = Pittsburgh |death_date = |death_place = |nationality = American |field = Molecular Biology, Oncology, and Genetics |work_institutions = {{Plainlist|
|alma_mater = MIT (Ph.D) |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = {{Plainlist|
|known_for = {{Plainlist|
|prizes = {{Plainlist|
| website = {{URL|http://weinberglab.wi.mit.edu}} }}Robert Allan Weinberg (born November 11, 1942) is a biologist, Daniel K. Ludwig Professor for Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), director of the Ludwig Center of the MIT, and American Cancer Society Research Professor. His research is in the area of oncogenes and the genetic basis of human cancer.[1][2][3] Robert Weinberg is also affiliated with the Broad Institute and is a founding member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research. He teaches at MIT including course 7.012 (introductory biology) with Eric Lander. Weinberg and Lander are among the co-founders of Verastem, which is a biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering and developing drugs to treat cancer by targeting cancer stem cells.[4] ResearchHe is best known for his discoveries of the first human oncogene Ras and the first tumor suppressor gene Rb[5]p. 371-381, which is partially documented in Natalie Angier′s book, Natural Obsessions, about her year spent in Weinberg's lab. In the late 20th century, advances in genetics led to the discovery of over one hundred cancer cell types. Cancer cells were noted for their bewildering diversity. It was hard to identify the principles that cancers had in common. He and Douglas Hanahan wrote the seminal paper, "The Hallmarks of Cancer", published in January 2000,[6] that gave the six requirements for one renegade cell to cause a deadly cancer:[5] In 2011, they published an updated review article entitled "Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation".[7]
Weinberg is well known for both his cancer research[8] and for his mentorship of many eminent scientists, including Tyler Jacks, Clifford Tabin and Cornelia Bargmann. He is currently studying cancer cell metastasis.[9] He is also the author of the textbook The Biology of Cancer[10] published by Garland Science, as well as two important accounts intended for a wider audience: One Renegade Cell: How Cancer Begins (1999) (Science Masters Series); and Racing to the Beginning of the Road: The Search for the Origin of Cancer (1996). Awards and honorsWeinberg won the National Medal of Science and the Keio Medical Science Prize in 1997. In 1999, he received the Albert Einstein World Award of Science in recognition of his valuable and pioneering contributions in the field of Biomedical Sciences and for his productive trajectory related to the genetic and molecular basis of neoplastic disease.[11] He obtained the Wolf Prize in Medicine in 2004 (shared with Roger Y. Tsien), and he is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. As a member, Weinberg has gone on record to critique efforts to eject members for sexual harassment, suggesting, "it might be useful to ask whether sexual harassment by a member has anything whatsoever to do with their credibility as a scientist and the soundness of their research accomplishments—the criteria that were used to elect them in the first place."[12] In 2007 he received an honorary doctorate degree in commemoration of Linnaeus from Uppsala University. He is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences since 1992.[13] In 2009 he was presented the Hope Funds Award in Basic Research. In 2013 he was awarded the $3 million Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences for his work.[14] RetractionsTo this day Weinberg has retracted five research papers where he is listed as a co-author. The retractions include one paper in Cell, one in Cancer Cell, two in Genes & Development and one in Cancer Research.[15][16][17] The reasons given for these retractions remain obscure but appear to involve misconduct in the form of data manipulation that renders the published data invalid or false. For example, in the retracted Cell paper of 2009, the authors inform the readership that “original data were compiled from different replicate experiments in order to assemble the presented figure. The scope of the figure preparation issues includes compiling data from independent experiments to present them as one internally controlled experiment, statistical analyses based on technical replicates that are not reflective of the biological replicates, and comparisons of selectively chosen data points from multiple experiments.” [18] See also{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
References1. ^{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90100-3| title = Isolation of a transforming sequence from a human bladder carcinoma cell line| journal = Cell| volume = 29| pages = 161–9| year = 1982| last1 = Shih | first1 = C. | last2 = Weinberg | first2 = R. A. | pmid=6286138 | issue=1}} 2. ^{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/22780| pmid = 10440377| year = 1999| last1 = Weinberg | first1 = R. A. | title = Creation of human tumour cells with defined genetic elements| journal = Nature| volume = 400| issue = 6743| pages = 464–8| last2 = Hahn | first2 = W. C. | last3 = Counter | first3 = C. M. | last4 = Lundberg | first4 = A. S. | last5 = Beijersbergen | first5 = R. L. | last6 = Brooks | first6 = M. W. | bibcode = 1999Natur.400..464H}} 3. ^{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2008.03.027| title = The Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Generates Cells with Properties of Stem Cells| journal = Cell| volume = 133| issue = 4| pages = 704–15| year = 2008| last1 = Mani | first1 = S. A. | last2 = Guo | first2 = W. | last3 = Liao | first3 = M. J. | last4 = Eaton | first4 = E. N. | last5 = Ayyanan | first5 = A. | last6 = Zhou | first6 = A. Y. | last7 = Brooks | first7 = M. | last8 = Reinhard | first8 = F. | last9 = Zhang | first9 = C. C. | last10 = Shipitsin | first10 = M. | last11 = Campbell | first11 = L. L. | last12 = Polyak | first12 = K. | last13 = Brisken | first13 = C. | last14 = Yang | first14 = J. | last15 = Weinberg | first15 = R. A. | pmid=18485877 | pmc=2728032}} 4. ^http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=250749&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1650861&highlight={{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 5. ^1 {{cite book|title=The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer|author=Siddhartha Mukherjee|isbn=978-1-4391-0795-9 |oclc=464593321|year=2010 |publisher=Simon & Schuster}} 6. ^{{cite journal |title=The Hallmarks of Cancer|journal=Cell |issn=0092-8674|volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=57–70|author1=Hanahan, Douglas |author2=Weinberg, RA|date=January 7, 2000|doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81683-9 |pmid=10647931}} 7. ^{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013 | pmc = | pmid = 21376230 | last1 = Hanahan | first1 = D. | last2 = Weinberg | first2 = R. A. | title = Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation | journal = Cell | volume = 144 | issue = 5 | pages = 646–674 | year = 2011 }} 8. ^{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/300143a0| title = Mechanism of activation of a human oncogene| journal = Nature| volume = 300| issue = 5888| pages = 143| year = 1982| last1 = Tabin | first1 = C. J. | authorlink1 = Clifford Tabin| last2 = Bradley | first2 = S. M. | last3 = Bargmann | first3 = C. I. | last4 = Weinberg | first4 = R. A. | authorlink4 = Robert Weinberg| last5 = Papageorge | first5 = A. G. | last6 = Scolnick | first6 = E. M. | last7 = Dhar | first7 = R. | last8 = Lowy | first8 = D. R. | last9 = Chang | first9 = E. H. | bibcode = 1982Natur.300..143T}} 9. ^{{cite journal |journal=Science |date=March 25, 2011 |pages=1559–1564 |volume=331 |title=A perspective on Cancer Cell Metastasis |author1=Christine L. Chaffer |author2=Robert A. Weinberg |issue=6024 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/331/6024/1559 |doi=10.1126/science.1203543 |pmid=21436443 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403071425/http://www.sciencemag.org/content/331/6024/1559 |archivedate=April 3, 2011 |df=mdy-all |bibcode=2011Sci...331.1559C }} 10. ^1 {{cite book | last = Weinberg | first = Robert | title = The Biology of Cancer | publisher = Garland Science | isbn = 9780815340768 | oclc=63114199 | year = 2007 | publication-date = 2006 }} 11. ^{{cite web|title=Albert Einstein World Award of Science 1999|url=http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-science-robertweinberg.php|accessdate=August 13, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304223356/http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/winners-science-robertweinberg.php|archivedate=March 4, 2014|df=mdy-all}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/04/national-academy-sciences-will-vote-ejecting-sexual-harassers|title=National Academy of Sciences will vote on ejecting sexual harassers|accessdate=2019-04-02}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kva.se/en/Members/Ledamoter-page/?personId=679|title=The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences: Robert Weinberg|accessdate=2009-09-27}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}} 14. ^{{cite web |title=LAUREATES 2013 |publisher=Breakthrough Prize in Lifesciences |url=https://breakthroughprizeinlifesciences.org/laureates2 |accessdate=December 19, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219203903/https://breakthroughprizeinlifesciences.org/laureates2 |archivedate=December 19, 2013 |df=mdy-all }} 15. ^{{cite web|title = Papers from MIT Cancer Biologist's Laboratory Retracted|url = https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/science/2015/03/19/papers-from-mit-cancer-biologist-laboratory-retracted/7NABAzMU2BMLxb9b67wMrK/story.html|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150729024738/https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/science/2015/03/19/papers-from-mit-cancer-biologist-laboratory-retracted/7NABAzMU2BMLxb9b67wMrK/story.html|archivedate = July 29, 2015|df = mdy-all}} 16. ^{{cite web|title = Three Retractions for Highly Cited Author|url = http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/42503/title/Three-Retractions-for-Highly-Cited-Author/|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150523193322/http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view%2FarticleNo%2F42503%2Ftitle%2FThree-Retractions-for-Highly-Cited-Author%2F|archivedate = May 23, 2015|df = mdy-all}} 17. ^{{cite web|title = Cancer Research retraction is fifth for Robert Weinberg, fourth for his former student|url = http://retractionwatch.com/2015/07/06/cancer-research-retraction-is-fifth-for-robert-weinberg-fourth-for-his-former-student/|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150910084748/http://retractionwatch.com/2015/07/06/cancer-research-retraction-is-fifth-for-robert-weinberg-fourth-for-his-former-student/|archivedate = September 10, 2015|df = mdy-all}} 18. ^{{cite web|title = Retraction of Cell paper by Robert Weinberg|url = http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674%2809%2900390-0|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150424160439/http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674%2809%2900390-0|archivedate = April 24, 2015|df = mdy-all}} External links
15 : Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty|Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates|21st-century American biologists|National Medal of Science laureates|Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)|Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences|Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences|Wolf Prize in Medicine laureates|Living people|1942 births|Jewish American scientists|Whitehead Institute faculty|American oncologists|Scientists from Pittsburgh|Breakthrough Prize winners |
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