| 释义 |
- Life and family
- Business interests
- Horticultural interests
- Scientific work
- Honours and activities
- Selected writings
- Notes
- References
- Further reading
- External links
{{EngvarB|date=July 2017}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}{{Infobox scientist
|name = Robert Were Fox the Younger
|image = Fox Robert Were Younger.jpg
|image_size = 150px
|caption =
|birth_date = 26 April 1789
|birth_place =
|death_date = {{d-da|25 July 1877|26 April 1789}}
|death_place =
|residence =
|citizenship =
|nationality = British
|ethnicity = Cornish
|field = Mining, geology, geophysics
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater =
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = Geophysical measurements
Magnetic dip compass
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes =
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|footnotes =
|signature =
}}Robert Were Fox FRS (26 April 1789 – 25 July 1877) was a British geologist, natural philosopher and inventor. He is known mainly for his work on the temperature of the earth and his construction of a compass to measure magnetic dip at sea.[1]Life and familyRobert Were Fox the Younger was born on 26 April 1789 at Falmouth, United Kingdom, the eldest son of Robert Were Fox (1754–1818){{efn|Fox and his father (1754–1818) had the same name. The father also merited an entry in ODNB: {{harvnb|Payton|2004}} }} and his wife, Elizabeth Tregelles. He had nine siblings. The Fox family were members of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), and were descended from members who had long settled in Cornwall, although they were not related to George Fox who had introduced the community into the county. In 1814, Fox the Younger married Maria Barclay (1785–1858), daughter of Robert and Rachel Barclay of Bury Hill,{{sfn|Westcott|2004||pp=17–22}}{{sfn|Exploring Surrey's Past|2009}} near Dorking, Surrey. Maria's sister, Lucy, married Fox's cousin, George Croker Fox (1784–1850). Robert Were Fox the Younger and his wife had three children, Anna Maria (1816–1897), Barclay (1817–1855) and Caroline (1819–1871). Both Caroline and Barclay Fox's journals have been published. Robert Were Fox the Younger died on 25 July 1877 and was buried at the Quaker Burial Ground at Budock.{{efn|R. W. Fox was buried at the Quaker Burial Ground, Budock, along with his daughters, Anna Maria and Caroline, according to a Burial Plan at the Cornwall Record Office. However, no gravestones for them remain: the Burial Ground was vandalised in the 1970s and many gravestones broken.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} }} Business interests Fox was involved in many aspects of his family's businesses, along with several of his brothers. He also served as Honorary Consul of the USA in Falmouth from 1819 to 1854. Fox and Joel Lean were granted a patent in 1812 for their modifications of steam engines.{{sfn|Fox|Lean|1813|pp=200–204}} Specification of the Patent granted to Robert Were Fox and Joel Lean, of Budock, near Falmouth; for certain Improvements on Steam Engines, and the Jpparatui needful or expedient to be used with the same. Horticultural interests Fox's gardens at Rosehill[2] and Penjerrick, near Falmouth, became noted for the number of exotic plants which he and his son, Barclay, had naturalised. Both are now both open to the public. Scientific work Fox's work was in what today would be referred to as geophysics. He was distinguished for his researches on the internal temperature of the earth, contributing papers to the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall,{{sfn|Crook|2004}} and being the first to prove that temperature definitely increases with depth (the geothermal gradient), his observations being conducted in Cornish mines from 1815 for a period of forty years.{{Sfn|Cornish Mining|2007}} In 1829 he began a set of experiments on the artificial production of miniature metalliferous veins by means of the long-continued influence of electric currents, and his main results were published in 1836.{{sfn|Fox|1836}} In 1834 Fox constructed an improved form of deflector dipping needle compass, or dip circle, for polar navigation.{{efn|The dip of a needle is defined as:{{quote|"a certain property which all needles possess when rubbed with a lodestone of inclining the north end below the level of the horizon: this property found to increase in going northward".{{sfn|Falconer|1830|pp=122, 123 and Plate IX, Figure 11}} }}}} One was used by Sir James Clark Ross on his Antarctic expedition and used to discover the position of the South magnetic pole.[3] He was a key person in the development of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society and its promotion of scientific research and training. He was an active member of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.On 2 June 1838 Fox was elected a member of the newly-formed London Electrical Society[4] Robert Were Fox, his cousin, George Croker Fox (1784–1850) and brother, Alfred Fox, assembled excellent collections of minerals, which are now in the British Museum, given by Arthur Russell.{{sfn|Embery|Symes|1987|p={{page needed|date=December 2016}} }} Honours and activities - Fellow of the Royal Society (Elected 9 September 1848)[5]
The Society owns a collection of letters addressed to Fox and his family.[6]
Selected writings The following is a very incomplete list of Fox's writings. According to the Dictionary of National Biography (1889), Fox authored 52 scientific papers.{{sfn|Harrison|1889|p=113}} {{columns-list|colwidth=30em|- {{cite journal |author=Fox, Robert W. |title=On the Temperature of Mines |journal=Transactions of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall |year=1822 |volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZUcRAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA14&dq=On+the+Temperature+of+Mines+Fox#PPA14,M1 |accessdate=8 December 2007 |pages=14–28}}
- {{cite journal |author=Fox, Robert W. |title=Some Further Observations on the Temperature of Mines |journal=Transactions of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall |year=1827 |volume=3 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=_lkLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA313&lpg=PA313&dq=geological+robert+fox |accessdate=8 December 2007 |pages=313–328}}
- {{cite journal |author=Fox, Robert Wear {{sic}} |title=Experiments Illustrative of the Influence of Voltaic Electricity on Copper Pyrites |journal=The Annals of Electricity, Magnetism, and Chemistry |year=1828 |volume=3 |pages=133–134 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=SXgMAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Annals+of+electricity |accessdate=8 December 2007 }}
- {{cite journal |author=Fox, Robert Were |title=Some Observations of Metalliferous Veins, and their Electro-magnetic Properties |journal=Transactions of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall |year=1828 |volume=3 |pages=21–28 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=_lkLAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA21&dq=Metalliferous+Veins+fox#PRA1-PA21,M1 |accessdate=9 December 2007}}
- {{cite journal |author=Fox, Robert Were |title=On the Electro-Magnetic Properties of Metalliferous Veins in the Mines of Cornwall |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society |year=1830 |volume=120 |pages=399–414 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1830.0027}}
- {{cite journal |author=Fox, Robert Were |title=On the Variable Intensity of Terrestrial Magnetism, and the Influence of the Aurora Borealis upon It |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society |year=1831 |volume=121 |pages=199–207 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1831.0012}}
- {{cite journal |author=Fox, Robert Were |title=On Certain Irregularities in the Magnetic Needle, Produced by Partial Warmth, and the Relations Which Appear to Subsist between Terrestrial Magnetism and the Geological Structure and Thermo-Electrical Currents of the Earth |journal=Abstracts of the Papers Printed in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society |year=1830–1837 |volume=3 |pages=123–125 |doi=10.1098/rspl.1830.0066}}
- {{cite journal |author=Fox, Robert Were |title=Some Remarks on Electric Currents in Metalliferous Veins |journal=The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal |year=1840 |volume=28 |pages=267–270| url=https://books.google.com/?id=IBMAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA267&dq=Metalliferous+Veins+fox#PPA267,M1 |accessdate=9 December 2007 }}
- {{cite journal |author=Fox, Robert Were |title=On Certain Pseudo-Morphous Crystals of Quartz |journal=The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal |year=1846 |volume=40 |pages=115–120| url=https://books.google.com/?id=RB0AAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA115&dq=mineral+vein+fox |accessdate=8 December 2007 }}
- {{cite journal |author=Fox, Robert Were |title=Some Remarks on the High Temperatures in the United Mines |journal=The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal |year=1847 |volume=43 |pages=99–102| url=https://books.google.com/?id=-U4EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA99&dq=robert+were+fox#PPA99,M1 |accessdate=26 January 2008 }}
- {{cite journal |author=Fox, Robert W. |title=On Sand-worn Granite near the Land's-End |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London |year=1855 |volume=11 |pages=549–550 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=eSEAAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA549 |accessdate=9 December 2007 |doi=10.1144/GSL.JGS.1855.011.01-02.62}}
- {{cite journal |author=Fox, Robert W. |title=Report on the Temperature of Some Deep Mines in Cornwall |journal=Report of the Twenty-Seventh Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science |year=1858 |volume=11 |pages=96–101 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=2ekvAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA96&dq=robert+were+fox |accessdate=9 December 2007}}
- A Catalogue of the Works of Robert Were Fox, F.R.S., with a Sketch of his Life (1878), by J. H. Collins, Truro, Lake & Lake.}}
Notes{{notelist}}1. ^The main source for this article is ODNB biography: {{harvnb|Crook|2004}}
2. ^({{harvnb|Tripod|2010}}{{unreliable source|date=December 2016}})
3. ^Archives of Natural History {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820023406/http://www.shnh.org/PUB_ANH_next_abs.html#McCONNELL |date=20 August 2008 }}
4. ^ Minute Book of the London Electrical Society 2 June 1838 (unpaginated). Special Collections Ms. 42/2. Archives of The Institution of Engineering and Technology, London WC2R 0BU
5. ^Lists of Royal Society Fellows 1660–2007
6. ^See this listing of archives
References- {{Cite web |year=2007 |url=http://www.cornish-mining.org.uk/story/schools.htm|title=Mining schools and Institutes |publisher=Cornish Mining World Heritage Site |ref={{SfnRef|Cornish Mining|2007}} |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719141012/http://www.cornish-mining.org.uk/story/schools.htm |archivedate=19 July 2011 |deadurl=yes}}
- {{cite ODNB |last=Crook |first=Denise |year=2004 |title=Fox, Robert Were (1789–1877) |id=10042}}{{DNBfirst|wstitle=Fox, Robert Were}}
- {{cite web |title=Dorking: Bury Hill and the Barclays |website=Exploring Surrey's Past |date=9 February 2009 |url=http://www.exploringsurreyspast.org.uk/themes/places/surrey/mole_valley/dorking/dorking_bury_hill_and_the_barclays | ref={{sfnref|Exploring Surrey's Past|2009}} |accessdate=21 December 2016}} – Information on Bury Hill, Maria Fox's parental home
- {{cite book |last=Embery |first=P.G. |last2=Symes |first2=R.F. |year=1987 |title=Minerals of Cornwall and Devon |publisher=British Museum (Natural History) |ref=harv |isbn=978-0-565-01046-1}}, Paperback {{ISBN|0-565-00989-3}}
- {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Falconer |editor-first=William |display-authors=etal |year=1830 |title=Dipping Needle |encyclopedia=A New and Universal Dictionary of the Marine |edition=improved and modernised|pages=122, 123 and Plate IX, Figure 11|ref=harv}}
- {{cite journal |last=Fox |first=Robert Were |last2=Lean |first2=Joel |year=1813 |title=Specifications of the patent granted to Robert Were Fox and Joel Lean ...for certain Improvements on Steam Engines… |journal=The Repertory of Arts and Manufactures, Arts, Manufactures and Agriculture |volume=23 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=plIEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA200&dq=robert+were+fox |accessdate=14 September 2008 |pages=200–204 |ref=harv}}
- {{cite journal |last=Fox |first=Robert Were |year=1836 |title=Observations on Mineral Veins |journal=Reports of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society |pages={{page needed|date=December 2016}} |url=https://books.google.com/?id=cwQ4AAAAMAAJ |accessdate=8 December 2007 |ref=harv}}
- {{cite journal |last=Fox |first=Robert Wear {{sic}} |title=Experiments Illustrative of the Influence of Voltaic Electricity on Copper Pyrites |journal=The Annals of Electricity, Magnetism, and Chemistry |year=1837 |volume=1 |pages=133–134 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=SXgMAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Annals+of+electricity |accessdate=8 December 2007 |ref=harv}}
- {{cite DNB |last=Harrison |first=William Jerome|wstitle=Fox, Robert Were |volume=20 |page=113 |ref=harv}}
- {{cite ODNB |last=Payton |first=Philip |year=2004 |title=Fox, Robert Were (1754–1818) |id=42083}}
- {{cite web | title=Sandra & George Pritchard's Fox Rosehill Garden website| website=Tripod | date=1 January 2010 | url=http://members.tripod.com/morrablectures/fox.htm | ref={{sfnref|Tripod|2010}} | accessdate=21 December 2016}}{{unreliable source |date=December 2016 |reason=states that it is a
Carrick Council Gardens website but http://www.carrick.gov.uk does not seem to exist}} - {{cite journal |title=Barclay, Perkins & Co |journal=Westcott Local History Group Annual Report for 2004 |ref={{sfnRef|Westcott|2004}} |pages=17–22}}. This unsigned article tells the history of the family of Robert Barclay (1751–1830), the Anchor Brewery, Southwark, which brought them wealth and their home, Bury Hill, Westcott, a village to the West of Dorking.
Attribution- {{EB1911|wstitle=Fox, Robert Were}}
Further reading- {{cite journal |author=Bauer, Louis Agricola |title=Life and Work of Robert Were Fox, 1789–1877 |journal=Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity |year=1910 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=207–208 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=kj4PAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA207&dq=terrestrial+magnetism+robert+fox |doi=10.1029/TE015i004p00207 |bibcode=1910TeMAE..15..207.}}
- {{cite book |author=Collins, John Henry |title=A Catalogue of the Works of Robert Were Fox, F.R.S., with a Sketch of his Life |publisher=Lake & Lake |location=Truro |year=1878}}
- {{cite book |author=James, Frank A. J. L. |title=The Correspondence of Michael Faraday |volume=II |publisher=Institution of Electrical Engineers (Short Run Press Ltd.) |location=Exeter |year=1993}}
Letter 1108 (page 518) is from Fox to Faraday in 1838, describing some of Fox's experiments.
External links - Image of R W Fox Dip circle at the Science Museum
- [https://books.google.com/books?id=BZ0MAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161&dq=robert+were+fox&as_brr=1#PPA161,M1 Description of the Fox dip circle] – The Encyclopædia Britannica (1888). 9th edition, New York, volume 16, page 161.
- [https://books.google.com/books?id=3btCJAsYqroC&pg=PA767&dq=robert+were+fox&as_brr=1 Biographical information] – The Encyclopædia Britannica (1910). 11th edition, New York, volume 10, pages 767 – 768.
- {{Cite journal |last=Collins |first=J. H. |authorlink=Joseph Henry Collins |title=A Handbook to the Mineralogy of Cornwall and Devon |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |volume=37 |issue=288 |pages=529 |year=1871 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=vg4AAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=robert+were+fox |accessdate=8 December 2007|bibcode=1969MinM...37..529E |doi=10.1180/minmag.1969.037.288.21 }} – Dedicated to Robert Were Fox the Younger
{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Fox, Robert Were}} 11 : 1789 births|1877 deaths|Cornish inventors|Cornish geologists|Cornish mineralogists|British geophysicists|Scientific instrument makers|Fellows of the Royal Society|British Quakers|People from Falmouth, Cornwall|Fox family of Falmouth |