| 词条 | Robert W. Paul |
| 释义 |
| name = Robert W. Paul | image = File:Robert William Paul.jpg | caption = Paul {{circa}} 1896 | birth_name = Robert William Paul | birth_date = {{birth date|1869|10|3|df=y}} | birth_place = Liverpool Road, London, England | death_date = {{death date and age|1943|3|28|1869|10|3|df=y}} | death_place = Putney, London, England | other_names = | known_for = The theatrograph | occupation = Electrician }} Robert William Paul (3 October 1869 – 28 March 1943) was an English electrician, scientific instrument maker, and early pioneer of British film. Early careerPaul was born in Liverpool Road, in present-day Inner London, and began his technical career learning instrument-making skills at the Elliott Brothers, a firm of London instrument makers founded in 1804, followed by the Bell Telephone Company in Antwerp. In 1891, he established an instrument-making company, Robert W. Paul Instrument Company, initially with a workshop at 44 Hatton Garden, London, later his office. In 1894, he was approached by two Greek businessmen who wanted him to make copies of an Edison Kinetoscope that they had purchased. He at first refused, then found that Edison had not patented the invention in Britain. Subsequently, Paul himself would go on to purchase a Kinetoscope, intent on taking it apart and re-creating an English-based version. He manufactured a number of these - according to one account of his "200" but later revised this to "60". However, the only films available were 'bootleg' copies of those produced for the Edison machines. As Edison had patented his camera (the details of which were a closely guarded secret), Paul resolved to solve this bottleneck by creating his own camera. Via a mutual friend, Henry W. Short, Paul was introduced to Birt Acres, a photographic expert and much-respected photographer who was the General Manager at Elliott & Son's photographic works. Acres had been working on a machine for rapid phtoographic printing and Paul applied some of this mechanism to the camera. This camera, dubbed the Paul-Acres Camera by historian John Barnes[1], was invented in March 1895, would be the first camera made in England to the "Edison" 35mm film format. On October 24, 1895 Two Englishmen applied for a provisional patent for an invention. One Herbert George Wells & Robert William Paul. The Patent number was 19884 and the Invention was to be a device to evoke the effects that Wells had described in his novel “The Time Machine” published the previous year. Various such mixed-media experiences had been proposed in patents around this period. It was to be set in a chamber filled with moveable floors and walls, vents for injecting currents of air and screens on which could be shown scenes from all periods of time by means of motion picture film and slides. Audiences would be given the illusion of traveling backwards or forwards in time, of seeing in close-up or at a distance life in eras long before or after their own times.[2] “After the last scene is presented,” Paul wrote…The Spectators should be given the sensation of voyaging from the last epoch to the present, or the present epoch may be supposed to have been accidentally passed and a present scene represented on the machine coming to a standstill , after which the impression of travelling forward again to the present epoch may be given, and the re-arrival notified by the representation on the screen of the place at which the exhibition is held…”[3] The patent was never completed and the plan was not put into action. Film innovationR.W. Paul obtained a concession to operate a kinetoscope parlour at the Earls Court Exhibition Centre, and the success of this inspired him to contemplate the possibilities of projecting a moving image on to a screen, something that Edison had never considered. And while Paul and Birt Acres would share innovator status for creating Britain's first 35mm camera, soon after conception both men would dissolve the partnership and become competitors in the film camera and projector markets. {{cite book|last = Mast |first = Gerald |author2 = Kawin, Bruce F. |editor = Costanzo, William |title = A Short History of the Movies |edition = Abridged 9th |year = 2007 |publisher = Pearson Education, inc. |url = http://www.ablongman.com/mast9e |chapter = Birth |pages = 23–24 |ref = Silent |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716032555/http://www.ablongman.com/mast9e |archivedate = 2011-07-16 |df = }} Acres would present his projector at the Royal Photographic Society on 14 January 1896 to much acclaim. Paul would present his own, the Theatrograph, shortly after on 20 February at Finsbury Park College. Ironically this is exactly the same day the Lumieres' films would first be projected in London.[4] In 1896, he pioneered in the UK a system of projecting motion pictures onto a screen, using a double Maltese cross system. This coincided with the advent of the projection system devised by the Lumiere Brothers. After some demonstrations before scientific groups, he was asked to supply a projector and staff to the Alhambra Music Hall in Leicester Square, and he presented his first theatrical programme on 25 March 1896. This included films shot by Birt Acres featuring cartoonist Tom Merry drawing caricatures of the German Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II (1895),[5] and Prince Bismarck (1895).[6] Merry had previously performed his lightning-fast drawing as part of a music hall stage act. (The Lumieres were appearing on the bill at the Empire Music Hall, nearby.) The use of his 'Theatrograph' in music halls up and down the country helped popularise early cinema in Britain. There were many showmen who wished to imitate Paul's success, and some of these wanted to make their own films of 'local interest'. It was necessary to set up a completely separate manufacturing department producing cameras, projectors, and cinema equipment, with its own office and showroom. Paul would also continue his innovations in the portable camera field. His 'Cinematograph Camera No. 1', built in April 1896, would be the first camera to feature reverse-cranking. This mechanism allowed for the same film footage to be exposed several times. The ability to create super-positions and multiple exposures would be of great significance. This technique was used in Paul's 1901 film Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost, the oldest known film adaptation of Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol. It is noted that the first camera that George Melies would use was built by R.W. Paul.[4] In 1898 he designed and constructed Britain's first film studio in Muswell Hill, north London. The British Film Catalogue credits Paul's Our New General Servant (1898) with the "first use of intertitles".[7] Extended careerIn the meantime, he continued with his original business, focusing on his internationally renowned Unipivot galvanometer. Paul's instruments were internationally renowned: he won gold medals at the St Louis Exposition in 1904 and the Brussels Exhibition in 1910, among others. Upon the outbreak of World War I, he began producing military instruments including early wireless telegraphy sets, and instruments for submarine warfare. In December 1919, the Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company took over the smaller but successful Robert W. Paul Instrument Company and became The Cambridge and Paul Instrument Company Ltd. The name was shortened to the Cambridge Instrument Co Ltd in 1924 when it was converted to a public company. Paul continued to make his own films, selling them either directly or through the new distribution companies that were springing up. He was a very innovative director and cameraman, pioneering techniques such as the close up and cutting from one scene to another. However, his growing business interests crowded out film, and he moved out of the infant industry as early as 1910. Nevertheless, his importance was always recognized by contemporaries, who often referred to him as 'Daddy Paul'. Coincidentally and without prior knowledge of the above, in 1994 a technology company called Kinetic took over the building at 44 Hatton Garden and renamed it Kinetic House. In 1999, the British film industry commemorated the work of Paul by erecting a commemorative plaque on the building attended by members of the film industry, unions and Lord Samuelson. Selected filmographyFilmed by Birt Acres:
Made independently:
References1. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36996858|title=The beginnings of the cinema in England 1894-1901|last=1920-2008,|first=Barnes, John,|date=1996-1998|publisher=University of Exeter Press|others=Maltby, Richard, 1952-|isbn=0859895645|location=Exeter [England]|oclc=36996858}} 2. ^{{Cite book|title=Science Fiction in the Cinema|last=Baxter|first=John|publisher=Paperback Library|year=1970|isbn=9780498074165|location=New York, N.Y.|pages=14}} 3. ^{{Cite book|title=The Saturday Book Vol.25|last=Cook|first=Olive|publisher=Hutchinson & Company|year=1965|isbn=|location=London|pages=}} 4. ^1 However this distinction has also been claimed by Louis Aimé Augustin Le Prince (28 August 1841 – vanished 16 September 1890) who was a French inventor and shot the first moving pictures on paper film using a single lens camera.[1][2] He has been heralded as the "Father of Cinematography" since 1930.[3]{{cite book |last = Mast |first = Gerald |author2 = Kawin, Bruce F. |editor = Costanzo, William |title = A Short History of the Movies |edition = Abridged 9th |year = 2007 |publisher = Pearson Education, inc. |url = http://www.ablongman.com/mast9e |chapter = Birth |pages = 23–24 |ref = Silent |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716032555/http://www.ablongman.com/mast9e |archivedate = 2011-07-16 |df = }} 5. ^Tom Merry Lightning Cartoonist, sketching Kaiser Wilhelm II, Birt Acres (1895) (BFI) accessed 3 Nov 2007 6. ^Tom Merry Lightning Cartoonist, sketching Bismarck, Birt Acres (1895) (BFI) accessed 3 Nov 2007 7. ^The British Film Catalogue, by Denis Gifford, Routledge 2016, p 142 External links{{commons category}}
6 : 1869 births|1943 deaths|Cinema pioneers|Scientific instrument makers|People from Highbury|Articles containing video clips |
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