“Elephants in Kerala culture”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

This article covers the role of elephants (Indian Elephant, Elephas maximus indicus) in the culture of Kerala state, southern India.

Elephants found in Kerala, the Indian Elephants, are one of three recognized subspecies of the Asian elephant. Since 1986, Asian Elephant has been listed as endangered by IUCN as the population has declined by at least 50% over the last three generations, estimated to be 25,600 to 32,750 in the wild. The species is pre-eminently threatened by habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation.^[1] Along with a large population of wild elephants, Kerala has more than seven hundred domesticated elephants. Most of them are owned by temples and individuals.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} They are used for religious ceremonies in and around the temples, and some churches and mosques also, and a few elephants work at timber yards.

Elephants in Kerala are often referred to as the "sons of the sahya"(cf. poem Sahyante Makan by Vyloppalli Sreedhara Menon). As the State Animal, the elephant is featured on the emblem of the Government of Kerala state, taken from the Royal Arms of both Travancore and Cochin.^[2]^[3] It is believed that an elephant that has been captured in the wild, and domesticated, will never be accepted by other wild elephants. A special bond exists between the mahout and the elephant, and an elephant is known to guard its mahout faithfully.

Elephants in festivals

Many prominent temples in Kerala own elephants, many of which are donated by devotees.^[4] Elephants are a core part of ritual worship in the famous Guruvayur temple which owns more than 60 elephants.^[4] The world's only Elephant Palace is constructed in Punnattur Kotta, 3 km from the Guruvayur temple, to house the temple's elephants. A famous elephant, named Guruvayur Kesavan, belonged to this temple.

Almost all{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}} of the local festivals in Kerala include at least one richly caparisoned elephant. Elephants carry the deity during annual festival processions and ceremonial circumnambulations in the Hindu temples. The temple elephants are decorated with gold plated caparisons ("nettipattam"), bells, and necklaces. People mounted on the elephants hold tinselled silk parasols ("muttukuda") up high, swaying white tufts ("vencamaram") and peacock feather fans ("alavattam") to the rhythm of the orchestra.^[5] Seventeen elephants are engaged for the daily ceremonial rounds to the accomplishment of Pancari Melam in Kudalmanikyam temple. The headgear of seven of these elephants is made of pure gold and rest of pure silver, which is unique to this temple.{{Citation needed|date=March 2016. 15 elephants are caparisoned for the seevili at tripnithura poornathrayeesa temple vrishchikolsavam. This the biggest temple fedtival in the world. The elephant carrying lord poornathrayeesa will be decorated by swarna thalekkettu( nettippattam made of pure gold from the kings treseory).

Elephants in history and legends of Kerala

[[File:Thrippunithura-Elephant1 crop.jpg|thumb|right|Caparisoned elephants during Sree Poornathrayesa temple festival.

Many elephants are featured in the local legends of Kerala. Aitihyamala ("A Garland of Historical Anecdotes") by Kottarattil Sankunni was written in eight volumes; each volume ending with a story or legend about a famous elephant. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110527081053/http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/thiruneelakantan.html].

Caring for elephants

Each elephant has three mahouts, called paappan (പാപ്പാൻ) in the Malayalam language. The most important duty of the mahouts is to bathe and massage the elephant with small rocks, and the husk of coconuts. In the monsoon season, the elephants undergo Ayurvedic rejuvenation treatments which include decoctions with herbs, etc. It is called Sukha Chikitsa in the Malayalam language. Mahouts may be classified into three types, called in the Sanskrit language:

In November 2014, Mathrubhumi reported the incident of a tamed elephant, Indrajit, being released to the wild because of the care and affection (and not because of financial constraints) the elephant's owner, Mr T R Raghulal (managing director of Elite Group of Companies), has towards the elephant. To avoid troubles a tamed elephant may face in the wild, special arrangements were made by the forest-wildlife departments of the Government of Kerala, to ensure a smooth transition.^[6] The elephant is 15 years old and is expected to live for another 50 years. Elephants have huge market value in a state like Kerala.^[7]

Cruelty against elephants

Around 700 elephants are owned by people and temples. These elephants are rented out for more than 10,000 festivals and processions in which a single elephant may generate revenue up to $5000 a day according to their status.^[8] These animals have to endure long and noisy parades, loud firecrackers, may need to stand near flames, travel long distances in open shabby vehicles and walk on tarred roads in the scorching sun for hours, denying even food, water and sleep, in the name of religion and tourism promotion.^[8]^[9] They are often abused by drunk and brutal mahouts. Around half of the mahouts are found to have drinking problems.^[8] January to April are the cruelest months for the captive elephants in Kerala when the places of worship celebrates various annual festivals.^[9]

Elephant Biologist V Sridhar accuses, the temple boards of being greedy and co-ercing aggressive elephants not suited to such tasks by going to the extent of hobbling them even with spike chains on their forelegs. He further claims that due to the increasing work load, elephants in their prime (20–40 years of age) seem to be dying prematurely.^[10] He suspects that increase in death toll - due to intestinal obstruction and other digestive problems - is indicative of potential increase in physiological and psychological stress.^[11] He also expresses his concerns on the lack of trained mahouts - to handle the huge increase of total elephants in captivity - which is a leading reason for the cruel mis-treatment of the animals^[12] Further in his opinion, the process of taming an elephant was, historically, based on principles of dominance establishment, which needs revision by creating better awareness and training of Mahouts, but this process cannot happen overnight and it can only happen gradually.^[13]

On 15 August 2015, Daily Mail released a report^[15] by journalist Liz Jones that detailed the torture and cruelty of elephants at 'training camps' to break their spirit. However, her account is disputed by other eye-witness reports - who claim that, Liz Jones did not see any elephant being beaten and starved, as she had written.^[16]

But long before she wrote her piece, there have been reports by three official committees that investigated the abuse of elephants at Guruvayur, and which have detailed the abuses inflicted on the Temple Elephants, in violation of various animal welfare laws in India.^[17]

Notable captive elephants

Notable captive elephants in Kerala include Pambadi Rajan, Thechikottukavu Ramachandran , Chirakkal Kalidasan, Thrikkadavoor Sivaraju , Paramekkavu Parameswaran(died), Thiruvambadi Chandrasekharan (Two Elephants with same name), Puthuppilli Keshavan, Mangalamkkunnu Karnan, kandampully balanarayanan(died) , Guruvayur Keshavan(died), and Thiruvambadi Shivasundar(died).

Ornaments used for elephants

One of the famous families in Thrissur District of Kerala, the Venkitadri family, has made ornaments for three generations, especially for the famous Thrissur pooram, the most famous of the Hindu temple-centred festivals. They make gold plated caparisons, umbrellas, 'alavattam, venchamaram, and necklaces. They decorate one hundred and fifty elephants with ornaments for temple festivals. Thrissur Pooram, Nenmara Vallangi Vela are some of the famous festivals in kerala in which more decorated elephants are used for procession.

The main chamayam vendors are Paramekkavu devosom, venkidadri, maramittathu balachandran ( balan mashu).

Controlling elephants in Kerala

In India, and especially in Kerala, mahout uses three types of rods to control elephants.

Elephant Survey in Kerala

Kerala Forest and Wildlife Department has conducted a statewide census in Kerala in November 2018, necessitated by an order issued by the Supreme Court. In this survey over 520 elephants were counted. Thrissur recorded the highest number of elephants (145) and Kannur has the lowest elephant population (3). Kasargod has no elephants.

See also

References

1. ^{{Cite journal | author = Choudhury, A. | author2 = Lahiri Choudhury, D.K. | author3 = Desai, A. | author4 = Duckworth, J.W. | author5 = Easa, P.S. | author6 = Johnsingh, A.J.T. | author7 = Fernando, P. | author8 = Hedges, S. | author9 = Gunawardena, M. | author10 = Kurt, F. | display-authors = etal | title = Elephas maximus | journal = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume = 2008 | page = e.T7140A12828813 | publisher = IUCN | date = 2008 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/7140/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T7140A12828813.en | access-date = 16 January 2018}}
2. ^For details cf. George Menachery, "The Elephant and the Christians", SARAS, Ollur, 2014 where the emblems of early Cheras, Kochi, Travancore, Tirukkochi(Travancore-Cochin), and Kerala States with the elephant emblems are given.
3. ^{{cite web|title='Aanayum NazraniyumThe Elephant in Kerala Churches|url=http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/Pazhama-1-mailFINAL%20Oct14.pdf}}
4. ^¹http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4613996/Jumbo-s-escape-50-years-chains.html
5. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC&pg=PA305&dq=Elephants+Kerala&lr=&as_brr=3 South India]. Rough Guides, 2003. {{ISBN|1-84353-103-8}}. p. 305
6. ^http://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/380282/Weekend/23-NOVEMBER-2014#page/1/1
7. ^http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/elephant-renting-is-now-jumbo-business/article4949312.ece
8. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8533776.stm|title=BBC South Asia: India's overworked elephants|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2012-08-11}}
9. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article2896700.ece|title=Cruelty against elephants|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=2012-08-11}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=https://matangalila.wordpress.com/2015/02/06/the-sinking-ark/|title=The sinking ark, where the survivors are trying to loot as much revenue from the ark, before it is completely sunk}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/before-the-last-trumpet-40743|title=Before the last trumpet}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://matangalila.wordpress.com/2015/08/16/an-open-letter/|title=An open letter to all self-proclaimed (social network) elephant lovers}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://matangalila.wordpress.com/2015/08/16/an-open-letter/comment-page-1/#comment-23|title=I don’t think anybody is needlessly cruel to these animals}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cupabangalore.org/images/Elephants/Guruvayur_Temple_Ele_Evaluation_26122014.pdf |title=Animal Welfare Board of India - Report on the Welfare & Veterinary Status of Captive Elephants at Punnathur Kotta Guruvayur Devaswom Board, Thrissur, Kerala }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3199391/Tortured-tourists-Chained-spot-20-years-Beaten-submission-secret-jungle-training-camps-terrible-plight-Indian-elephants-LIZ-JONES.html#comments|title=Liz Jones Elephant Exploitation story}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://peepli.org/blog/2015/08/18/an-open-letter-to-dailymail/|title=An open letter to Daily Mail}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/rukmini-sekhar-on-the-plight-of-temple-elephants/article7796436.ece |title=Gods in Shackles|quote=(The investigations) ...reveal a violation of several laws and guidelines such as The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, Project Elephant’s Guidelines for Care and Management of Captive Elephants 2008, the Central Zoo Authority of India’s guidelines called Zoos in India — Legislation, Policy, Guidelines and Strategy 2014, The Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act, 2002, the Performing Animals Rules 1973, and Kerala Captive Elephants (Management and Maintenance) Rules 2012.}}