“Romani people in Serbia”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Romani people or Roma ({{lang-sr|Роми, Цигани}}) are the third largest ethnic group in Serbia, numbering 147,604 (2.1%) according to the 2011 census. However, due to a legacy of poor birth registration, as well as a fear of discrimination when reporting their identity to the census,^[1]^[2] this number is likely underestimated.

Another name used for the community, often with a negative connotation, is Cigani ({{lang|sr|Цигани}}). Several migrational waves of Romani people to Serbia are recorded from Romania, Turkey and Bosnia and Herzegovina. They are divided into numerous subgroups, with different, although related, Romani dialects and history. The community has produced several notable musicians. Adding to a very large indigenous Roma population in Serbia which counts among the largest in the Balkans, anywhere between 46,000^[3] to 97,000^[4] Roma are internally displaced from Kosovo after 1999.

Subgroups

Main sub-groups include "Turkish Gypsies" (Turski Cigani), "White Gypsies" (Beli Cigani), "Wallachian Gypsies" (Vlaški Cigani) and "Hungarian Gypsies" (Mađarski Cigani), as studied by scholar Tihomir Đorđević (1868–1944).{{sfn|IFDT|2005|p=21}}

History

Romani, or "gypsies", arrived in Serbia in several waves.{{sfn|Vlahović|2004|p=66}} The first reference to gypsies in Serbia is found in a 1348 document, by which Serbian emperor Stefan Dušan donated some gypsy slaves to a monastery in Prizren (now in Kosovo).^[8] In the 15th century, Romani migrations from Hungary are mentioned.{{sfn|Vlahović|2004|p=66}}

In 1927, a Serbian-Romani humanitarian organization was founded.{{sfn|IFDT|2005|p=23}} In 1928, a Romani singing society was founded in Niš.{{sfn|IFDT|2005|p=23}} In 1932, a Romani football club was founded.{{sfn|IFDT|2005|p=23}} In 1935, a Belgrade student established the first Romani magazine, Romani Lil, and in the same year a Belgrade Romani association was founded.{{sfn|IFDT|2005|p=23}} In 1938, an educational organization of Yugoslav Romani was founded.{{sfn|IFDT|2005|p=23}}

Culture

The Romani people in Central Serbia are predominantly Eastern Orthodox but a minority of Muslim Romani exists (notably recent refugees from Kosovo), mainly in the southern Serbia. Romani people in multi-ethnic Vojvodina are integrated with other ethnic groups, especially with Serbs, Romanians and Hungarians. For this reason, depending of the group with which they are integrated, Romani are usually referred to as Serbian Romani, Romanian Romani, Hungarian Romani, etc.

The majority of Romani people are Christian and a minority are Muslim. They speak mainly Romani and Serbian. Some also speak the language of other people they have been influenced by: Romanian, Hungarian or Albanian. Đurđevdan (or Ederlezi) is a traditional feast day of Romani in Serbia. In October 2005 the first text on the grammar of the Romani language in Serbia was published by linguist Rajko Đurić, titled Gramatika e Rromane čhibaki - Граматика ромског језика.

Demographics

There are 147,604 Romani people in Serbia, but unofficial estimates put the figure up to 450,000-550,000.^[9] Between 23,000-100,000 Serbian Roma are internally displaced persons from Kosovo.^[3]^[4]

Religion

According to the 2011 Census, most Roma in Serbia are Christians (62.7%). A majority belong to the Eastern Orthodox Church (55.9%), followed by Catholics (3.3%) and various Protestant churches (2.5%). There is also a significant Muslim Roma community living in Serbia, with 24.8% of all Roma being Muslim. A large part of the Roma people did not declare their religion. ^[10]

Political parties

Notable people

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicef.org/serbia/reallives_18153.html|title=UNICEF Serbia - Real lives - Life in a day: connecting Roma communities to health services (and more)|website=www.unicef.org|access-date=2017-12-16}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/roma-discriminated-in-serbia-unwanted-in-germany/a-18639037|title=Roma: Discriminated in Serbia, unwanted in Germany {{!}} Germany {{!}} DW {{!}} 10.08.2015|last=(www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche Welle|website=DW.COM|language=en|access-date=2017-12-16}}
3. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.osce.org/odihr/39623?download=true|title=Wayback Machine|date=1 January 2016|website=archive.org|accessdate=4 September 2017|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101120738/http://www.osce.org/odihr/39623?download=true|archivedate=1 January 2016|df=}}
4. ^¹{{cite journal|first=UN|last=Relief|year=2010|title=Roma in Serbia (excluding Kosovo) on 1st January 2009|format=PDF|journal=UN Relief|volume=8|issue=1|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/romaidps_desk_review_final.pdf}}
5. ^¹{{cite book|title=Human Rights and Collective Identity: Serbia 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ezuFAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia|isbn=978-86-7208-106-0}}
6. ^¹²{{cite book|author1=Adrian Marsh|author2=Elin Strand|title=Gypsies and the Problem of Identities: Contextual, Constructed and Contested|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u52vzyK3v7EC&pg=PA180|date=22 August 2006|publisher=Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul|isbn=978-91-86884-17-8|page=180}}
7. ^¹{{cite book|author=Sait Balić|title=Džanglimasko anglimasqo simpozium I Romani ćhib thaj kultura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SW51AAAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Institut za proučavanje nacionalnih odnosa--Sarajevo|page=53}}
8. ^Djordjević , T.R. (1924). Iz Srbije Kneza Milosa. Stanovnistvo—naselja. Beograd: Geca Kon.
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://europeandcis.undp.org/uploads/public/File/rbec_web/vgr/chapter1.1.pdf|title=Wayback Machine|date=13 January 2016|website=archive.org|accessdate=4 September 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113105027/http://europeandcis.undp.org/uploads/public/File/rbec_web/vgr/chapter1.1.pdf|archivedate=13 January 2016|df=}}
10. ^ Population by national affiliation and religion, Census 2011[https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CERD/Shared%20Documents/SRB/INT_CERD_ADR_SRB_24619_E.doc]