请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Romani people in the Czech Republic
释义

  1. Demographics

  2. History

      Origin    World War II    Communist era  

  3. Emigration

  4. Anti-ziganism

  5. Crime

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. External links

{{refimprove|date=October 2013}}{{Romani people}}

Romani people ({{lang-cs|Romové}}, commonly known as Gypsies {{lang-cs|Cikáni}}) are an ethnic minority in the Czech Republic, currently Roma making up 2–3% of the population. Originally migrants from North Western India sometime between the 6th and 11th centuries, they have long had a presence in the region. Since the creation of Czechoslovakia in 1918, the Romani population have experienced considerable hardship, having been a main target of Nazi extermination programs during World War II, and the subject of forced relocation and other radical social policies during the Communist era. In the successor state, the Czech Republic, challenges remain for the Romani population with respect to education and poverty, and there are frequent tensions with the ethnically Czech majority population over issues including crime and integration.

Demographics

According to the 2011 census from 2011, the Romani population was 13,150,[1] 0.2% of the total number reporting some nationality. Of these, 5,199 responded by listing only Romani nationality; the remaining 7,951 listed their Romani nationality in combination with another nationality, for example, Romani and Czech, Romani and Moravian and so on. In the 2001 Census, 11,746 people reported their nationality as Romani – 0.1% of those claiming some nationality.

However, 40,370 respondents to the 2011 census reported Romani language as their language.[2]

History

Origin

The Romani people originate from Northern India,{{sfn|Hancock|2002 |p= [https://books.google.com/?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&lpg=PP1&pg=PR20 xx] | ps =: ‘While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romanian groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European’}}[3][4][5][6][7] most likely from the northwestern Indian states Rajasthan[6][7] and Punjab.[6] Linguistic evidence indicates that the roots of Romani language lie in India; the language shares grammatical characteristics with Indian languages, as well as a large part of the basic lexicon, such as body parts or daily routines.[8] More specifically, Romani shares its basic lexicon with Hindi and Punjabi. It shares many phonetic features with Marwari, while its grammar is closest to Bengali.[9]

The results of a genetic study in 2012 suggest that the Romani originated in North Western India and migrated as a group.[3][4][10] The study indicates that the ancestors of present scheduled tribes and scheduled caste populations of North India, traditionally referred to collectively as the Ḍoma, are the likely ancestors of modern European Roma.[11]

In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, the Indian Minister of External Affairs stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India. The conference ended with a recommendation to the Government of India to recognize the Roma community spread across 30 countries as a part of the Indian diaspora.[12]

World War II

{{See also|Porajmos}}

During the Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia in World War II, Romani were exterminated by Nazi mobile killing units and in camps such as Lety, Hodonín and Auschwitz. 90% of native Romani were killed during the war; the Romani in modern-day Czech Republic are mostly post-war immigrants from Slovakia or Hungary and their descendants.

Communist era

{{main|Romani people in Czechoslovakia}}

During the communist years unsuccessful attempts to change the nomadic living style of Romani were undertaken by the government. Many Romani people were rehoused in panelák housing estates, which subsequently fell into acute disrepair, such as the Chánov housing estate near Most.[13] After 1989, some Romani women accused the state of "forced sterilizations" arguing that they were not properly informed of what "sterilization" meant.[14] According to Czech ombudsman Otakar Motejl, "at least 50 Romani women were unlawfully sterilized".[15] The Czech representative at the United Nations protested against the accusations, claiming that they were "false" and that Romani women "exaggerate in all cases".[16] A hospital in Vitkovice, Ostrava, apologised to a Romani woman who was sterilised after her second caesarean, but a request for a compensation of 1 million Czech crowns was rejected by the court.[17]

Emigration

Many Romani left the country after the independence of the Czech Republic, saying that they felt unsafe due to a surge in right-wing activity. Countries such as Ireland, the UK, Norway and Sweden took in large numbers, but most Romani returned home after a few years. Immigration rates to Great Britain dropped suddenly after financial support for refugees started to be paid out in the form of food tickets in summer 2000 (due to the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999).[18] The following year, British customs officers began to check the passengers flying to the UK from Prague airport and routinely rejected those of Romani origin.[19][20] In October 1997, after receiving over 1,000 requests for asylum from Czech Roma within a single year, Canada reinstated a visa regime for Czech citizens.[21]

Anti-ziganism

{{see also|Antiziganism#Czech_Republic|l1=Antiziganism in the Czech Republic}}

The Romanis are at the centre of the agenda of far-right groups in the Czech Republic, which spread anti-ziganism. One highly publicized case was the Vítkov arson attack of 2009, in which four right-wing extremists seriously injured a three-year-old Romani girl. The public responded by donating money as well as presents to the family, who were able to buy a new house from the donations, while the perpetrators were sentenced to 18 and 22 years in prison.

In January 2010, Amnesty International launched a report titled Injustice Renamed: Discrimination in Education of Roma persists in the Czech Republic.[22] According to the BBC, Amnesty argued that while cosmetic changes had been introduced by the authorities, little genuine improvement in addressing discrimination against Romani children had occurred.[23]

According to a 2010 opinion poll, 68% of Czechs have antipathy towards Romani.[24] The survey also found that 82% Czechs oppose any form of a "special care of Roma rights", 83% of Czechs consider Romani asocial, and 45% of Czechs would support the expulsion of Romani people from the Czech Republic.[25]

A 2011 poll, which followed a number of brutal attacks by Romani perpetrators against white victims, reported that 44% of Czechs are afraid of Roma people.[26] The majority of Czechs (90%) do not want Romani people as neighbours,[27] viewing them as thieves and social parasites. Despite a long waiting list for adoptive parents, Romani children from orphanages are almost never adopted by Czech couples.[28] After the Velvet Revolution in 1989 jobs traditionally employing Romanis either disappeared or were taken over by immigrant workers.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}}

Crime

Crime statistics from the early 1990s reported that the crime rate among the Romani population in Czechoslovakia was highly disproportionate, especially regarding burglaries. According to Říčan (1998), about 20–30% of the Romani population earn their livelihood in illegal ways, such as procuring prostitution, trafficking and other property crimes.[29] Romani make up more than 60% of the Czech prison population and about 50% of repeat offenders, and are thus more than 20 times over-represented in Czech prisons than their population share would suggest.[29]

See also

  • D.H. and Others v. the Czech Republic

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://zpravy.ihned.cz/c1-54211050-k-romske-narodnosti-se-verejne-hlasi-13-150-lidi-mene-nez-k-rytirum-jedi-ze-star-wars|title=K romské národnosti se veřejně hlásí 13 150 lidí. Méně než k Rytířům jedi ze Star Wars|trans-title=13,150 people publicly declare themselves to have Romani Nationality, less than Jedi Knights from Star Wars|date=15 December 2011|work=Hospodářské Noviny|language=Czech|accessdate=3 June 2018}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://vdb.czso.cz/sldbvo/%23!stranka=zakladni-vysledky&tu=0&th=&v=&vo=H4sIAAAAAAAAAGVPu07DQBDcGJm8XASKdHxCIlFBKrjkHNny4yL7YoQrDmIlIJMY-xxcIdFAQQs9BWV-AvEFtFSInpoSNkhAwUi72pFmNLOLd1CzFNZOxFy0c3kctw2RTRyRqOWXx6fmwfMKKH2oxTMx6osjOUtNqMpJGmWTWTwqkp1dWEI7r-Bu4NQlVIe-7g2IR5zsDC4A_mmgQJFvsL1vkYQSkVA2GHUZx0vZ7EhYtRjtmT6yzpaEGiWcBcQnlCRLKycBs5htopUh5_uDkHU9EiLn6HWJYesUiStBDXQv1H8_jMV03DanMhpH6frb_cPH5fW2AiUT1LmI86hIofGnc_PTwyi9Wtxt1G9fbxTsnXwiJGiY2Pecn9AyJ92hbWH3ikl1lw8CbKX5Nu22QmLZrZ5XfAFdFX7ZZwEAAA..&vseuzemi=null&void=|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120529134353/http://vdb.czso.cz/sldbvo/%23!stranka=zakladni-vysledky&tu=0&th=&v=&vo=H4sIAAAAAAAAAGVPu07DQBDcGJm8XASKdHxCIlFBKrjkHNny4yL7YoQrDmIlIJMY-xxcIdFAQQs9BWV-AvEFtFSInpoSNkhAwUi72pFmNLOLd1CzFNZOxFy0c3kctw2RTRyRqOWXx6fmwfMKKH2oxTMx6osjOUtNqMpJGmWTWTwqkp1dWEI7r-Bu4NQlVIe-7g2IR5zsDC4A_mmgQJFvsL1vkYQSkVA2GHUZx0vZ7EhYtRjtmT6yzpaEGiWcBcQnlCRLKycBs5htopUh5_uDkHU9EiLn6HWJYesUiStBDXQv1H8_jMV03DanMhpH6frb_cPH5fW2AiUT1LmI86hIofGnc_PTwyi9Wtxt1G9fbxTsnXwiJGiY2Pecn9AyJ92hbWH3ikl1lw8CbKX5Nu22QmLZrZ5XfAFdFX7ZZwEAAA..&vseuzemi=null&void=|deadurl=yes|title=Základní výsledky|date=29 May 2012|archivedate=29 May 2012}}
3. ^1 {{cite journal|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982212012602 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039|first=Isabel|last=Mendizabal|title=Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data|journal=Current Biology|date=6 December 2012|accessdate=12 December 2012|volume=22| issue = 24|pages=2342–2349|pmid=23219723}}
4. ^1 {{cite news|author=Sindya N. Bhanoo|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/science/genomic-study-traces-roma-to-northern-india.html?_r=0|title=Genomic Study Traces Roma to South India|newspaper=The New York Times|date=11 December 2012}}
5. ^Current Biology.
6. ^1 2 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=AS61CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA50&dq=Roma+Rajastan+Penjab#v=snippet&q=Roma%20Rajasthan%20Punjab&f=false |title=Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives |author1=K. Meira Goldberg |author2=Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum |author3=Michelle Heffner Hayes |page=50 |accessdate=2016-05-21|isbn=9780786494705 |date=2015-09-28 }}
7. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=gyiTOcnb2yYC&pg=PA147&dq=Roma+Rajastan+Penjab#v=onepage&q=Roma%20Rajastan%20Penjab&f=false |title=World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East |author1=Simon Broughton |author2=Mark Ellingham |author3=Richard Trillo |page=147 |accessdate=2016-05-21|isbn=9781858286358 |year=1999 }}
8. ^{{Citation | last1 = Šebková | first1 = Hana | last2 = Žlnayová | first2 = Edita | year = 1998 | url = http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf | title = Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely) | place = Ústí nad Labem | publisher = Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem | page = 4 | isbn = 978-80-7044-205-0 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024041/http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf | archivedate = 2016-03-04 | df = }}
9. ^{{cite journal|first=Milena|last=Hübschmannová|title=Romaňi čhib – romština: Několik základních informací o romském jazyku|journal=Bulletin Muzea Romské Kultury|issue=4/1995|year= 1995 |publisher= Muzeum romské kultury|place=Brno|quote=Zatímco romská lexika je bližší hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou.}}
10. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.livescience.com/40652-facts-about-roma-romani-gypsies.html|title=5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma|work=Live Science}}
11. ^{{Citation | last1 = Rai | first1 = N | last2 = Chaubey | first2 = G | last3 = Tamang | first3 = R | last4 = Pathak | first4 = AK | last5 = Singh | first5 = VK | year = 2012 | title = The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 7 | number = 11 | page = e48477 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0048477 | pmid=23209554 | pmc=3509117}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=Can Romas be part of Indian diaspora?|publisher=khaleejtimes.com|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/can-romas-be-part-of-indian-diaspora|date=29 February 2016|accessdate=4 March 2016}}
13. ^Chanov - urban settlement without trees and flowers
14. ^Radim Uzel: Jak to bylo s násilnou sterilizací u Romů v Československu?
15. ^{{cite news|url=http://aktualne.centrum.cz/clanek.phtml?id=40065|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522081313/http://aktualne.centrum.cz/clanek.phtml?id=40065|dead-url=yes|archive-date=22 May 2011|title=Otakar Motejl: Nezákonně bylo sterilizováno nejméně 50 žen|trans-title=Otakar Motejl: At Least 50 Women Were Unlawfully Sterilized|language=Czech|date=29 December 2005|accessdate=3 June 2018|website=Aktuálně.cz}}
16. ^{{cite news|url=http://aktualne.centrum.cz/domaci/spolecnost/clanek.phtml?id=218615|title=Česko řeklo v OSN, že Romky přehánějí|trans-title=Czech Republic says in UN that Roma women exaggerate|website=Aktuálně.cz|language=Czech|date=18 August 2006|accessdate=3 June 2018}}
17. ^{{cite news|url=http://aktualne.centrum.cz/domaci/spolecnost/clanek.phtml?id=333188|title=Soud:Za sterilizaci jen omluva,peníze ne|trans-title=Court: Apology for sterilization, no money|language=Czech|website=Aktuálně.cz|date=17 January 2007|accessdate=3 June 2018}}
18. ^*{{cite web |title=Roma And Emigration |url=http://www.varianty.cz/cdrom/podkapitoly/b02romove.pdf |work=Postoj politiků k emigraci Romů (The Attitude Of Politicians To The Romani Emigration) |page=219 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070226080107/http://www.varianty.cz/cdrom/podkapitoly/b02romove.pdf |archivedate=2007-02-26 |df= }}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/czech/interview/seifter.htm|title=Interview with Pavel Seifter, Czech Ambassador to the UK|website=BBC|language=Czech|date=1 August 2001|accessdate=3 June 2018}}
20. ^{{cite news|date=3 November 2004|url=http://www.britske-listy.cz/2004/11/3/art20418.html|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130210042328/http://www.britske-listy.cz/2004/11/3/art20418.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=10 February 2013|language=Czech|title=Pozdní důkaz u britských soudů: Britští imigrační úředníci v Ruzyni Romy skutečně rasisticky diskriminovali|trans-title=Late proof in British courts: British immigration officers really did racially discriminated against Roma at Ruzyně airport|accessdate=3 June 2018|website=Britské listy}}
21. ^{{cite news|date=10 October 1997|title=Canada limits Czech visitors|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/canada/stories/gypsies101097.htm|first=Howard|last=Schneider|accessdate=3 June 2018|work=The Washington Post}}
22. ^[https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur71/003/2009/en/ Injustice Renamed: Discrimination in Education of Roma persists in the Czech Republic] Amnesty International report, January 2010
23. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8456882.stm|title=Amnesty says Czech schools still fail Roma Gypsies|date=13 January 2010|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=14 January 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100114052029/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8456882.stm| archivedate= 14 January 2010 | deadurl= no}}
24. ^{{cite news|url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/stem-dve-tretiny-cechu-nemaji-rady-romy-fc1-/domaci.asp?c=A070504_141136_domaci_mr|work=idnes.cz|date=4 May 2007|language=Czech|title=STEM: Dvě třetiny Čechů nemají rády Romy|trans-title=STEM: Two-thirds of Czechs dislike Roma|accessdate=3 June 2018}}
25. ^{{cite news|first=Jiri|last=St'astny |url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/cesi-propadaji-anticikanismu-kazdy-druhy-tu-romy-nechce-zjistil-pruzkum-1qx-/domaci.asp?c=A101209_161615_domaci_js |title=Češi propadají anticikánismu, každý druhý tu Romy nechce, zjistil průzkum|language=Czech|website=idnes.cz |date=9 December 2010 |accessdate=3 June 2018}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tyden.cz/rubriky/domaci/romsky-bloger-nekteri-romove-se-chovaji-jako-blazni_216270.html|title=Romsky bloger nekteri romove se chovaji jako blazni|language=Czech|accessdate=1 November 2011}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romea.cz%2Findex.php%3Fid%3Dservis%2Fz2005_0318&hl=cs&ie=UTF8&sl=cs&tl=en|title=Czech don't want Roma as neighbours|language=Czech|accessdate=15 April 2007}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.radio.cz/en/article/88089 |title=What is keeping children in orphanages when so many people want to adopt?|date=7 February 2007|website=Radio Prague|accessdate=17 May 2012}}
29. ^1 {{cite book |last= Říčan |first= Pavel |title= S Romy žít budeme – jde o to jak: dějiny, současná situace, kořeny problémů, naděje společné budoucnosti |publisher= Portál |location= Praha |year= 1998 |isbn= 978-80-7178-250-6 |pages=58–63 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=qtgmAAAAMAAJ&q=pavel+%C5%99%C3%AD%C4%8Dan+s+romy+%C5%BE%C3%ADt+budeme&dq=pavel+%C5%99%C3%AD%C4%8Dan+s+romy+%C5%BE%C3%ADt+budeme}}

External links

{{commons category|Roma people in the Czech Republic}}
  • czso.cz
  • Roma in the Czech Republic (Czech Radio)
  • {{cite web |title=Romany communities: ways of living in relation to criminality (in the known of the Czech Republic and Slovakia) |url=http://www.epolis.cz/download/pdf/materials_31_1.pdf |first=Roman|last=Krištof}}
{{Ethnic and national minoritites in the Czech Republic}}{{Romani diaspora}}

2 : Romani in the Czech Republic|Romani-related controversies
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/9/27 10:14:49