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词条 Rostrum (anatomy)
释义

  1. Invertebrates

  2. Vertebrates

  3. See also

  4. References

In anatomy, the term rostrum (from the Latin {{lang|la|rostrum}} meaning beak) is used for a number of phylogenetically unrelated structures in different groups of animals.

Invertebrates

  • In crustaceans, the rostrum is the forward extension of the carapace in front of the eyes.[1] It is generally a rigid structure, but can be connected by a hinged joint, as seen in Leptostraca.[2]
  • Among insects, the rostrum is the name for the piercing mouthparts of the order Hemiptera. The long snout of weevils may also be called a rostrum.[3]
  • Gastropod molluscs have a rostrum or proboscis.[4]
  • Cephalopod molluscs have hard beak-like mouthparts referred to as the rostrum.[5]
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Vertebrates

In mammals, the rostrum is that part of the cranium located in front of the zygomatic arches, where it holds the teeth, palate, and nasal cavity.[6]

The beak or snout of a vertebrate may also be referred to as the rostrum.

  • Some cetaceans, including toothed whales such as dolphins[7] and beaked whales, have rostrums (beaks) which evolved from their jawbones. The narwhal possesses a large rostrum (tusk) which evolved from a protruding canine tooth.
  • Some fish have permanently protruding rostrums which evolved from their upper jawbones. Billfish (marlin, swordfish and sailfish) use rostrums (bills) to slash and stun prey. Paddlefish, goblin sharks and hammerhead sharks have rostrums packed with electroreceptors which signal the presence of prey by detecting weak electrical fields. Sawsharks and the critically endangered sawfish have rostrums (saws) which are both electro-sensitive and used for slashing.[8] The rostrums extend ventrally in front of the fish. In the case of hammerheads the rostrum (hammer) extends both ventrally and laterally (sideways).
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See also

  • Beak
  • Nostril
  • Snout

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/palaeofiles/fossilgroups/crustacea/anatomy.html |title=Crustacea |publisher=University of Bristol |author=Charles Drew |date=November 17, 2003 |accessdate=November 7, 2010}}
2. ^{{Cite book |chapter=Leptostraca |author=Todd A. Haney, Joel W. Martin & Eric W. Vetter |year=2007 |pages=484–495 |title=The Light and Smith Manual: Intertidal Invertebrates from Central California to Oregon |editor=James T. Carlton |edition=4th |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-23939-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64jgZ1CfmB8C&pg=PA484}}
3. ^{{cite book |author=George Gordh, Gordon Gordh & David Headrick |year=2003 |title=A Dictionary of Entomology |publisher=CAB International |isbn=978-0-85199-655-4 |chapter=Rostrum |page=792 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0XSwMJLDg4C&pg=PA792}}
4. ^{{cite book |author=Douglas Grant Smith |year=2001 |title=Pennak's freshwater invertebrates of the United States: Porifera to Crustacea |edition=4th |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn=978-0-471-35837-4 |chapter=Mollusca (gastropods, pelecypods) |pages=327–400 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GqIctb8IqPoC&pg=PA328}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://itc.gsw.edu/faculty/bcarter/paleo/labs/moll/ceph.htm|title=Cephalopods|author=Burt Carter|publisher=Invertebrate Paleobiology}}
6. ^Elbroch, Mark "Animal Skulls: A Guide to North American Species", Stackpole Books 2006, p9
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.robins-island.org/dolphins_anatomy.php |title=Basic anatomy of Cetaceans - Dolphins |work=Robin's Island |accessdate=November 7, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117011831/http://www.robins-island.org/dolphins_anatomy.php |archivedate=November 17, 2010 |df= }}
8. ^Wueringer BE, Squire Jr L, Kajiura SM, Hart NS and Collin SP (2012) "The function of the sawfish's saw" Current Biology, 22 (5): R150-R151. {{doi|10.1016/j.cub.2012.01.055}}
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