| 词条 | Rouen Cathedral (Monet series) | |
| 释义 |
| title = Rouen Cathedral, Full Sunlight | image_file = RouenCathedral Monet 1894.jpg | painting_alignment = right | image_size = 300px | medium = Oil on canvas | artist = Claude Monet | year = {{Start date|1894}} | height_metric = 107 | width_metric = 73.5 | height_imperial = | width_imperial = | condition = | city = Paris, France | museum = Musée d'Orsay | coordinates = | owner = | url = }} The Rouen Cathedral series was painted in the 1890s by French impressionist Claude Monet. The paintings in the series each capture the façade of the Rouen Cathedral at different times of the day and year and reflect changes in its appearance under different lighting conditions.[1] DateThe Rouen Cathedral paintings, more than thirty in all, were made in 1892 and 1893 in Rouen, Normandy, then reworked in Monet’s studio in 1894. Monet rented spaces in Rouen across the street from the cathedral as his temporary studio.[2] In 1895 he selected what he considered to be the twenty best paintings from the series for display at his Paris dealer’s gallery and sold eight of them before the exhibition was over. Camille Pissarro and Paul Cézanne visited the exhibition and praised the series highly. Historically, the series was well-timed. In the early 1890s, France was seeing a revival of interest in Catholicism and the subject of one of its major cathedrals was well received.[3] Apart from its religious significance, Rouen Cathedral –built in the Gothic style– could be seen as representing all that was best in French history and culture, given that it was a style of architecture that was admired and adopted by many European countries during the Middle Ages.[4] Painting LightWhen Monet painted the Rouen Cathedral series, he had long since been impressed with the way light imparts to a subject a distinctly different character at different times of the day and the year and as atmospheric conditions change. For Monet, the effects of light on a subject became as important as the subject itself. His Series Paintings, in which he painted many views of the same subject under different lighting conditions, are an attempt to illustrate the importance of light in our perception of a subject at a given time and place. Robert Pelfrey, in Art and Mass Media wrote: By focusing on the same subject through a whole series of paintings, Monet was able to concentrate on recording visual sensations themselves. The subjects did not change, but the visual sensations – due to changing conditions of light – changed constantly.[5] The cathedral series was not Monet's first series of paintings of a single subject, but it was his most exhaustive. The subject matter was a change, however, for prior to this series, Monet had painted mostly landscapes. The cathedral allowed him to highlight the paradox between a seemingly permanent, solid structure and the ever-changing light which constantly plays with our perception of it. There were calls for the state to buy the entire series and exhibit them as a whole, but these calls were not heeded and the series was divided. TechniquePainting the cathedral was a challenging task, even for Monet. Michael Howard, in his Encyclopedia of Impressionism writes: As always, the pictures gave him intense difficulties, which threw him into despair. He had vivid nightmares of the cathedral in various colors – pink, blue and yellow – falling upon him… [Monet wrote:] ‘Things don’t advance very steadily, primarily because each day I discover something I hadn’t seen the day before… In the end, I am trying to do the impossible.’[6] Monet found that the thing he had set out to paint – light – was, because of its ever-changing nature and its extreme subtlety, an almost impossible thing to capture. He was assisted, however, by his ability to capture the essence of a scene quickly, then finish it later using a sketch combined with his memory of the scene. For these paintings, he used thick layers of richly textured paint, expressive of the intricate nature of the subject. Paul Hayes Tucker, in Claude Monet: Life and Art writes: Monet’s sensitivity to the natural effects he observed are just one factor that make these pictures so remarkable; the way he manipulates his medium contributes to their majesty as well. For the surfaces of these canvases are literally encrusted with paint that Monet built up layer upon layer like the masonry of the façade itself.[7] The subtle interweaving of colors, the keen perception of the artist and the use of texture all serve to create a series of shimmering images in light and color–masterpieces worthy of the grandeur of their subject matter. GalleryPublic displayIn 2018, the National Gallery in London exhibited five paintings of the series, together in a single room, for the duration of a temporary exhibition titled Monet & Architecture, devoted to Claude Monet's use of architecture as a means to structure and enliven his art. This was a rare occurrence because no museum owns or exhibits more than three in a permanent collection.[8][9] The five paintings exhibited were the examples from the following collections:
References1. ^{{cite book |last1=Kleiner |first1=Fred S. |title=Gardner's Art through the Ages: The Western Perspective |date=2009 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=0495573647 |page=656 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UK_jTggtYl8C&dq=Rouen+Cathedral+Monet&source=gbs_navlinks_s |accessdate=3 June 2018 |language=en}} 2. ^{{cite book |last1=Pissarro |first1=Joachim |title=Monet's cathedral : Rouen, 1892-1894 |date=1990 |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |isbn=9780394588711 |edition= 1st American }} 3. ^{{cite book|title=Colour and Light: Fifty Impressionist and Post-Impressionist Works at the National Museum of Wales|first=Ann|last=Sumner|year=2005|page=86|publisher=National Museum of Wales|location=Cardiff|isbn=0-7200-0551-5}} 4. ^{{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Paul Hayes |last2=Monet |first2=Claude |last3=Boston |first3=Museum of Fine Arts |title=Monet in the '90s: The Series Paintings |date=1990 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0300049137 |page=154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ojp0NUShY4YC&dq=Rouen+Cathedral+Monet&source=gbs_navlinks_s |accessdate=3 June 2018 |language=en}} 5. ^{{cite book |last1=Hall-Pelfrey |first1=Robert H. Pelfrey with Mary |title=Art and mass media |date=1985 |publisher=Harper & Row |location=New York |isbn=978-0060451127 |page=166 |edition= 1st }} 6. ^{{cite book |last1=Howard |first1=Michael |title=Encyclopedia of impressionism |date=1997 |publisher=Thunder Bay Press |location=San Diego, Calif. |isbn=978-1571450333 |page=224 }} 7. ^{{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Paul Hayes |title=Claude Monet: Life and Art |date=1995 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0300062982 |page=155 }} 8. ^{{cite news | last= | first=National Gallery, London | url=https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/whats-on/exhibitions/past/the-credit-suisse-exhibition-monet-architecture | title=Monet & Architecture | website=The National Gallery | date=April 2018 | accessdate=20 December 2018 }} 9. ^{{cite news | last=Cumming | first=Laura | url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/apr/08/monet-and-architecture-review-exhibition-national-gallery | title=Monet & Architecture | website=The Guardian | date=8 April 2018 | accessdate=20 December 2018 }} External links{{external media | width = 210px | align = right | headerimage= | video1 = Monet's Rouen Cathedral Series, Smarthistory| video2 =Lichtenstein's Rouen Cathedral Set V, a Pop Art "reproduction", Smarthistory}}{{Commons category-inline|Claude Monet}} {{Commons category-inline|Rouen Cathedral by Monet}}
6 : Paintings by Claude Monet|Series of Claude Monet paintings|1890s paintings|Religious paintings|Churches in art|Collections of the National Gallery of Art |
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