1. Early life

2. Acting career
    Early roles and teenage stardom (1941–1949)  Transition to adult roles (1950–1951)  Continued success at MGM (1952–1955)  Critical acclaim (1956–1960)  Cleopatra and other films with Richard Burton (1961–1967)  Career decline (1968–1979)  Stage and television roles; retirement (1980–2007) 

3. Other ventures
    HIV/AIDS activism  Fragrance and jewelry brands 

4. Personal life
    Marriages, relationships, and children  Support for Jewish and Israeli causes  Style and jewelry collection  Health problems and death 

5. Legacy

6. See also

7. Notes

8. References

9. Sources

10. External links

• {{marriage|Conrad Hilton Jr. |1950|1951|end=divorced}}
• {{marriage|Michael Wilding |1952|1957|end=divorced}}
• {{marriage|Mike Todd|1957|1958|end={{abbr|d.|died}}}}
• {{marriage|Eddie Fisher|1959|1964|end=divorced}}
• {{marriage|Richard Burton |1964|1974|end=divorced}}
  ({{abbr|m.|married}} 1975; {{abbr|div.|divorced}} 1976)
• {{marriage|John Warner |1976|1982|end=divorced}}
• {{marriage|Larry Fortensky |1991|1996|end=divorced}} }}

• Francis Lenn Taylor
• Sara Sothern }}

Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor {{post-nominals|country=GBR|DBE}} (February 27, 1932 – March 23, 2011) was a British-American actress, businesswoman, and humanitarian. She began her career as a child actress in the early 1940s, and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s. She continued her career successfully into the 1960s, and remained a well-known public figure for the rest of her life. In 1999, the American Film Institute named her the seventh-greatest female screen legend.

Born in London to wealthy, socially prominent American parents, Taylor moved with her family to Los Angeles in 1939, and she was soon given a film contract by Universal Pictures. She made her screen debut in a minor role in There's One Born Every Minute (1942), but Universal terminated her contract after a year. Taylor was then signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and had her breakthrough role in National Velvet (1944), becoming one of the studio's most popular teenaged stars. She made the transition to adult roles in the early 1950s, when she starred in the comedy Father of the Bride (1950) and received critical acclaim for her performance in the drama A Place in the Sun (1951).

Despite being one of MGM's most bankable stars, Taylor wished to end her career in the early 1950s. She resented the studio's control and disliked many of the films to which she was assigned. She began receiving roles she enjoyed more in the mid-1950s, beginning with the epic drama Giant (1956), and starred in several critically and commercially successful films in the following years. These included two film adaptations of plays by Tennessee Williams: Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958), and Suddenly, Last Summer (1959); Taylor won a Golden Globe for Best Actress for the latter. Although she disliked her role as a call girl in BUtterfield 8 (1960), her last film for MGM, she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance.

Taylor was paid a then-record-breaking $1 million to play the title role in the historical epic Cleopatra (1963), the most expensive film made up to that point. During the filming, Taylor and co-star Richard Burton began an extramarital affair, which caused a scandal. Despite public disapproval, she and Burton continued their relationship and were married in 1964. Dubbed "Liz and Dick" by the media, they starred in 11 films together, including The V.I.P.s (1963), The Sandpiper (1965), The Taming of the Shrew (1967), and Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966). Taylor received the best reviews of her career for Woolf, winning her second Academy Award and several other awards for her performance. She and Burton divorced in 1974, but reconciled soon after, and remarried in 1975. The second marriage ended in divorce in 1976.

Taylor's acting career began to decline in the late 1960s, although she continued starring in films until the mid-1970s, after which she focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband, Senator John Warner. In the 1980s, she acted in her first substantial stage roles and in several television films and series, and became the first celebrity to launch a perfume brand. Taylor was also one of the first celebrities to take part in HIV/AIDS activism. She co-founded the American Foundation for AIDS Research in 1985, and the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation in 1991. From the early 1990s until her death, she dedicated her time to philanthropy, for which she received several accolades, including the Presidential Citizens Medal.

Throughout her career, Taylor's personal life was the subject of constant media attention. She was married eight times to seven men, endured several serious illnesses, and led a jet set lifestyle, including assembling one of the most expensive private collections of jewelry in the world. After many years of ill health, Taylor died from congestive heart failure in 2011, at the age of 79.

Early life

Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor was born on February 27, 1932, at Heathwood, her family's home on 8 Wildwood Road in Hampstead Garden Suburb, London.^[1]{{rp|3–10}} She received dual British-American citizenship at birth, as her parents, art dealer Francis Lenn Taylor (1897–1968) and retired stage actress Sara Sothern (née Sara Viola Warmbrodt, 1895–1994), were United States citizens, both originally from Arkansas City, Kansas.^[1]{{rp|3–10}}{{efn|In October 1965, as her then-husband Richard Burton was British, she signed an oath of renunciation at the US Embassy in Paris, but with the phrase "abjure all allegiance and fidelity to the United States" struck out. U.S. State Department officials declared that her renunciation was invalid due to the alteration, and Taylor signed another oath, this time without alteration, in October 1966.^[2] She applied for restoration of US citizenship in 1977, during then-husband John Warner's Senate campaign, stating she planned to remain in America for the rest of her life.^[3][4]}} They moved to London in 1929, and opened an art gallery on Bond Street; their first child, a son named Howard, was born the same year.^[5]{{rp|61}}^[1]{{rp|3–11}}

The family led a privileged life in London during Taylor's childhood.^[1]{{rp|11–19}} Their social circle included artists such as Augustus John and Laura Knight, and politicians such as Colonel Victor Cazalet.^[1]{{rp|11–19}} Cazalet was Taylor's unofficial godfather, and an important influence in her early life.^[1]{{rp|11–19}} She was enrolled in Byron House, a Montessori school in Highgate, and was raised according to the teachings of Christian Science, the religion of her mother and Cazalet.^[1]{{rp|3,11–19,20–23}}

In early 1939, the Taylor decided to return to the United States due to fear of impending war in Europe.^[1]{{rp|22–26}} United States ambassador Joseph P. Kennedy also contacted Francis and encouraged him to return to the US with his family.{{sfn|Heymann|1995|p=14}} Sara and the children left first in April 1939 aboard the ocean liner SS Manhattan, and moved in with Taylor's maternal grandfather in Pasadena, California.^[1]{{rp|22–28}}{{sfn||Heymann|1995|p=27}} Francis stayed behind to close the London gallery, and joined them in December.^[1]{{rp|22–28}} In early 1940, he opened a new gallery in Los Angeles, and after briefly living in Pacific Palisades with the Chapman family, the family settled in Beverly Hills, where Taylor and her brother were enrolled in Hawthorne School.^[1]{{rp|27–34}}

Acting career

Early roles and teenage stardom (1941–1949)

In California, Taylor's mother was frequently told that her daughter should audition for films.^[1]{{rp|27–30}} Taylor's eyes in particular drew attention; they were blue to the extent of appearing violet, and were rimmed by dark double eyelashes, caused by a genetic mutation.^[6][1]{{rp|9}} Sara was initially opposed to Taylor appearing in films, but after the outbreak of war in Europe made return there unlikely, she began to view the film industry as a way of assimilating to American society.^[1]{{rp|27–30}} Francis Taylor's Beverly Hills gallery had gained clients from the film industry soon after opening, helped by the endorsement of gossip columnist Hedda Hopper, a friend of the Cazalets.^[1]{{rp|27–31}} Through a client and a school friend's father, Taylor auditioned for both Universal Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in early 1941.^[5]{{rp|27–37}} Both studios offered Taylor contracts, and Sara Taylor chose to accept Universal's offer.^[5]{{rp|27–37}}

Taylor began her contract in April 1941 and was cast in a small role in There's One Born Every Minute (1942).^[5]{{rp|27–37}} She did not receive other roles, and her contract was terminated after a year.^[5]{{rp|27–37}} Universal's casting director explained her dislike of Taylor, stating that "the kid has nothing ... her eyes are too old, she doesn't have the face of a child".^[5]{{rp|27–37}} Biographer Alexander Walker agrees that Taylor looked different from the child stars of the era, such as Shirley Temple and Judy Garland,^[5]{{rp|32}} and she herself later explained that, "apparently, I used to frighten grown ups, because I was totally direct".^[7]

Taylor received another opportunity in late 1942, when her father's acquaintance, MGM producer Samuel Marx, arranged her to audition for a minor role requiring an actress with an English accent in Lassie Come Home (1943).^[1]{{rp|22–23,27–37}} After a trial contract of three months, she was given a standard seven-year contract in January 1943.^[1]{{rp|38–41}} Following Lassie, she appeared in minor uncredited roles in two other films set in England – Jane Eyre (1943), and The White Cliffs of Dover (1944).^[1]{{rp|38–41}}

Taylor later stated that her childhood ended when she became a star, as MGM started to control every aspect of her life.^[7][11][1]{{rp|48–51}} She described the studio as a "big extended factory" where she was required to adhere to a strict daily schedule:^[7] Days were spent attending school and filming at the studio lot, and evenings in dancing and singing classes and in practising the following day's scenes.^[1]{{rp|48–51}} Following the success of National Velvet, MGM gave Taylor a new seven-year contract with a weekly salary of $750, and cast her in a minor role in the third film of the Lassie series, Courage of Lassie (1946).^[1]{{rp|51–58}} The studio also published a book of Taylor's writings about her pet chipmunk, Nibbles and Me (1946), and had paper dolls and coloring books made after her.^[1]{{rp|51–58}}

They were followed by supporting roles as a teenaged "man-stealer" who seduces her peer's date to a high school dance in the musical A Date with Judy (1948), and as a bride in the romantic comedy Julia Misbehaves (1948), which became a commercial success by grossing over $4 million in the box office.{{sfn|1a1=Troyan|1y=1999|1p=211}}^[1]{{rp|82}} Taylor's last adolescent role was as Amy March in Mervyn LeRoy's Little Women (1949). While it did not match the popularity of the previous 1933 film adaptation of Louisa M. Alcott's novel, it was a box-office success.{{sfn|Clark|2014|p=158}} The same year, Time featured Taylor on its cover, and called her the leader among Hollywood's next generation of stars, "a jewel of great price, a true sapphire".^[13]

Transition to adult roles (1950–1951)

Taylor made the transition to adult roles when she turned 18 in 1950. In her first mature role, the thriller Conspirator (1949), she plays a woman who begins to suspect that her husband is a Soviet spy.^[1]{{rp|75–83}} Taylor had been only 16 at the time of its filming, but its release was delayed until March 1950, as MGM disliked it and feared it could cause diplomatic problems.^[1]{{rp|75–83}}^[14] Taylor's second film of 1950 was the comedy The Big Hangover (1950), co-starring Van Johnson.^[15] It was released in May, and the same month, Taylor married hotel-chain heir Conrad Hilton Jr. in a highly publicized ceremony.^[1]{{rp|99–105}} The event was organized by MGM, and used as part of the publicity campaign for Taylor's next film, Vincente Minnelli's comedy Father of the Bride (1950), in which she appeared opposite Spencer Tracy and Joan Bennett as a bride preparing for her wedding.^[1]{{rp|99–105}} The film became a box-office success upon its release in June, grossing $6 million worldwide, and was followed by a successful sequel, Father's Little Dividend (1951), ten months later.{{sfn|Curtis|2011|pp=599–609}}

Taylor's next film release, George Stevens' A Place in the Sun (1951), marked a departure from her earlier films. According to Taylor, it was the first film in which she had been asked to act, instead of simply being herself,^[11] and it brought her critical acclaim for the first time since National Velvet.^[1]{{rp|96–97}} Based on Theodore Dreiser's novel An American Tragedy (1925), it featured Taylor as a spoiled socialite who comes between a poor factory worker (Montgomery Clift) and his pregnant girlfriend (Shelley Winters).^[1]{{rp|91}} Stevens cast Taylor as she was "the only one ... who could create this illusion" of being "not so much a real girl as the girl on the candy-box cover, the beautiful girl in the yellow Cadillac convertible that every American boy sometime or other thinks he can marry".^[1]{{rp|92}}{{sfn|Moss|2004|p=159}}

Continued success at MGM (1952–1955)

Taylor next starred in the romantic comedy Love Is Better Than Ever (1952).^[1]{{rp|124–125}} According to Alexander Walker, MGM cast her in the "B-picture" as a reprimand for divorcing Hilton in January 1951 after only nine months of marriage, which had caused a public scandal that reflected negatively on her.^[1]{{rp|124–125}} After completing Love Is Better Than Ever, Taylor was sent to Britain to take part in the historical epic Ivanhoe (1952), which was one of the most expensive projects in the studio's history.^[1]{{rp|129–132}} She was not happy about the project, finding the story superficial and her role as Rebecca too small.^[1]{{rp|129–132}} Regardless, Ivanhoe became one of MGM's biggest commercial successes, earning $11 million in worldwide rentals.{{sfn|Stubbs|2013|p=96}}

Taylor's last film made under her old contract with MGM was The Girl Who Had Everything (1953), a remake of the pre-code drama A Free Soul (1931).^[1]{{rp|145}} Despite her grievances with the studio, she signed a new seven-year contract with MGM in the summer of 1952.^[1]{{rp|139–143}} Although she wanted more interesting roles, the decisive factor in continuing with the studio was her financial need; she had recently married British actor Michael Wilding, and was pregnant with her first child.^[1]{{rp|139–143}} In addition to granting her a weekly salary of $4,700, MGM agreed to give the couple a loan for a house, and signed Wilding for a three-year contract.^[1]{{rp|141–143}} Due to her financial dependency, the studio now had even more control over her than previously.^[1]{{rp|141–143}}

Taylor's first two films made under her new contract were released ten days apart in early 1954.^[1]{{rp|153}} The first was Rhapsody, a romantic film starring her as a woman caught in a love triangle with two musicians. The second was Elephant Walk, a drama in which she played a British woman struggling to adapt to life on her husband's tea plantation in Ceylon. She had been loaned to Paramount Pictures for the film after its original star, Vivien Leigh, fell ill.^[1]{{rp|148–149}}

In the fall, Taylor starred in two more film releases. Beau Brummell was a Regency era period film, another project in which she was cast against her will.^[1]{{rp|153–154}} Taylor disliked historical films in general, as their elaborate costumes and make-up required her to wake up earlier than usual to prepare, and later stated that she gave one of the worst performances of her career in Beau Brummell.^[1]{{rp|153–154}} The second film was Richard Brooks' The Last Time I Saw Paris, based on F. Scott Fitzgerald's short story. Although she had instead wanted to be cast in The Barefoot Contessa (1954), Taylor liked the film, and later stated that it "convinced me I wanted to be an actress instead of yawning my way through parts".^[1]{{rp|153–157}}{{sfn|Daniel|2011|pp=80–81}} While The Last Time I Saw Paris was not as profitable as many other MGM films, it garnered positive reviews.^[1]{{rp|153–157}}{{sfn|Daniel|2011|pp=80–81}} Taylor became pregnant again during the production, and had to agree to add another year to her contract to make up for the period spent on maternity leave.^[1]{{rp|153–157}}

Critical acclaim (1956–1960)

MGM next re-united Taylor with Montgomery Clift in Raintree County (1957), a Civil War drama it hoped would replicate the success of Gone with the Wind (1939).^[1]{{rp|166–177}} Taylor found her role as a mentally disturbed Southern belle fascinating, but overall disliked the film.^[1]{{rp|166–177}} Although the film failed to become the type of success MGM had planned,{{sfnm|1a1=Hernán|1a2=Gordon|1y=2003|1p=26}} Taylor was nominated for the first time for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance.^[20]

Taylor considered her next performance as Maggie the Cat in the screen adaptation of the Tennessee Williams play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958) a career "high point", although it coincided with one of the most difficult periods in her personal life.^[11] After completing Raintree Country, she had divorced Wilding and married producer Mike Todd. She had completed only two weeks of filming in March 1958, when Todd was killed in a plane crash.^[1]{{rp|186–194}} Although she was devastated, pressure from the studio and the knowledge that Todd had large debts led Taylor to return to work only three weeks later.^[1]{{rp|195–203}} She later stated that she "in a way ... became Maggie", and that acting "was the only time I could function" in the weeks after Todd's death.^[11]

During the production, Taylor's personal life drew further public attention when she began an affair with singer Eddie Fisher, whose marriage to actress Debbie Reynolds had been idealized by the media as the union of "America's sweethearts".^[1]{{rp|203–210}} The affair – and Fisher's subsequent divorce – changed Taylor's public image from a grieving widow to a "homewrecker". MGM used the scandal to its advantage by featuring an image of Taylor posing on a bed in a négligée in the film's promotional posters.^[1]{{rp|203–210}} Cat grossed $10 million in American cinemas alone, and made Taylor the year's second-most profitable star.^[1]{{rp|203–210}} She received positive reviews for her performance, with Bosley Crowther of The New York Times calling her "terrific",^[21] and Variety praising her for "a well-accented, perceptive interpretation".^[22] Taylor was nominated for an Academy Award^[20] and a BAFTA.^[23]

Taylor's next film, Joseph L. Mankiewicz' Suddenly, Last Summer (1959), was another Tennessee Williams adaptation, and co-starred Montgomery Clift and Katharine Hepburn. The independent production earned Taylor $500,000 for playing the role of a severely traumatized patient in a mental institution.^[1]{{rp|203–210}} Although the film was a drama about mental illness, childhood traumas, and homosexuality, it was again promoted with Taylor's sex appeal; both its trailer and poster featured her in a white swimsuit. The strategy worked, as the film became a financial success.{{sfnm|1a1=Lower|1a2=Palmer|1y=2001|1p=158}} Taylor received her third Academy Award nomination^[20] and her first Golden Globe for Best Actress for her performance.^[1]{{rp|203–210}}

By 1959, Taylor owed one more film for MGM, which it decided should be BUtterfield 8 (1960), a drama about a high-class prostitute.^[1]{{rp|211–223}} The studio correctly calculated that Taylor's public image would make it easy for audiences to associate her with the role.^[1]{{rp|211–223}} She hated the film for the same reason, but had no choice in the matter, although the studio agreed to her demands of filming in New York and casting Eddie Fisher in a sympathetic role.^[1]{{rp|211–223}} As predicted, BUtterfield 8 was a major commercial success, grossing $18 million in world rentals.^[1]{{rp|224–236}} Crowther wrote that Taylor "looks like a million dollars, in mink or in negligée",^[24] while Variety stated that she gives "a torrid, stinging portrayal with one or two brilliantly executed passages within".^[25] Taylor won her first Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance.^[1]{{rp|224–236}}

Cleopatra and other films with Richard Burton (1961–1967)

After completing her MGM contract, Taylor starred in 20th Century-Fox's Cleopatra (1963) – a historical epic which, according to film historian Alexander Doty, made her more famous than ever before.{{sfn|Doty|2012|p=47}} She became the first actress to be paid $1 million for a role; Fox also granted her 10% of the film's profits, as well as shooting the film in Todd-AO, a widescreen format for which she had inherited the rights from Mike Todd.^[5]{{rp|10–11}}^[1]{{rp|211–223}} The film's production – characterized by costly sets and costumes, constant delays, and a scandal caused by Taylor's extramarital affair with her co-star Richard Burton – was closely followed by the media, with Life proclaiming it the "Most Talked About Movie Ever Made".^[5]{{rp|11–12,39,45–46, 56}} Filming first began in England in 1960, but had to be halted several times due to bad weather and Taylor's ill health.^[5]{{rp|12–13}} In March 1961, she developed nearly fatal pneumonia, which necessitated a tracheotomy; one news agency even erroneously reported that she had died.^[5]{{rp|12–13}} Once she had recovered, Fox discarded the already filmed material, and moved the production to Rome, changing its director to Joseph Mankiewicz, and the actor playing Mark Antony to Burton.^[5]{{rp|12–18}} Filming was finally completed in July 1962.^[5]{{rp|39}} The film's final cost was $62 million, making it the most expensive film made up to that point.^[5]{{rp|46}}

Taylor intended on following Cleopatra by headlining an all-star cast in Fox's black comedy What a Way to Go! (1964), but negotiations fell through, and Shirley MacLaine was cast, instead. In the meantime, film producers were eager to profit from the scandal surrounding Taylor and Burton, and they next starred together in Anthony Asquith's The V.I.P.s (1963), which mirrored the headlines about them.^[5]{{rp|42–45}}^[1]{{rp|252–255,260–266}} Taylor played a famous model attempting to leave her husband for a lover, and Burton her estranged millionaire husband. Released soon after Cleopatra, it became a box-office success.^[1]{{rp|264}} Taylor was also paid $500,000 to appear in a CBS television special, Elizabeth Taylor in London, in which she visited the city's landmarks and recited passages from the works of famous British writers.^[5]{{rp|74–75}}

After completing The V.I.P.s, Taylor took a two-year hiatus from films, during which Burton and she divorced their spouses and married each other.^[5]{{rp|112}} The supercouple continued starring together in films in the mid-1960s, earning a combined $88 million over the next decade; Burton once stated, "They say we generate more business activity than one of the smaller African

nations."^[5]{{rp|193}}^[26] Alexander Walker compared these films to "illustrated gossip columns", as their film roles often reflected their public personae, while Doty has noted that the majority of Taylor's films during this period seemed to "conform to, and reinforce, the image of an indulgent, raucous, immoral or amoral, and appetitive (in many senses of the word) 'Elizabeth Taylor{{'"}}.^[1]{{rp|294}}{{sfn|Doty|2012|p=51}} Taylor and Burton's first joint project following her hiatus was Vincente Minelli's romantic drama The Sandpiper (1965), about an illicit love affair between a bohemian artist and a married clergyman in Big Sur, California. Its reviews were largely negative, but it grossed a successful $14 million in the box office.^[5]{{rp|116–118}}

Their next project, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966), featured the most critically acclaimed performance of Taylor's career.^[5]{{rp|142,151–152}}^[1]{{rp|286}} She and Burton starred as Martha and George, a middle-aged couple going through a marital crisis. In order to convincingly play 50-year-old Martha, Taylor gained weight, wore a wig, and used make-up to make herself look old and tired – in stark contrast to her public image as a glamorous film star.^[5]{{rp|136–137}}^[1]{{rp|281–282}} At Taylor's suggestion, theater director Mike Nichols was hired to direct the project, despite his lack of experience with film.^[5]{{rp|139–140}} The production differed from anything she had done previously, as Nichols wanted to thoroughly rehearse the play before beginning filming.^[5]{{rp|141}} Woolf was considered ground-breaking for its adult themes and uncensored language, and opened to "glorious" reviews.^[5]{{rp|140,151}} Variety wrote that Taylor's "characterization is at once sensual, spiteful, cynical, pitiable, loathsome, lustful, and tender",^[27] and Stanley Kauffmann of The New York Times stated that she "does the best work of her career, sustained and urgent".^[28] The film also became one of the biggest commercial successes of the year.^[5]{{rp|151–152}}^[1]{{rp|286}} Taylor received her second Academy Award, a BAFTA, a National Board of Review, and a New York City Film Critics Circle awards for her performance.

In 1966, Taylor and Burton also performed Doctor Faustus for a week in Oxford to benefit the Oxford University Dramatic Society; he starred and she appeared in her first stage role as Helen of Troy, a part which required no speaking.^[5]{{rp|186–189}} Although it received generally negative reviews, Burton produced it into a film, Doctor Faustus (1967), with the same cast.^[5]{{rp|186–189}} It was also panned by critics and grossed only $600,000 in the box office.^[5]{{rp|230–232}} Taylor and Burton's next project, Franco Zeffirelli's The Taming of the Shrew (1967), which they also co-produced, was more successful.^[5]{{rp|164}} It posed another challenge for Taylor, as she was the only actor in the project with no previous experience of performing Shakespeare; Zeffirelli later stated that this made her performance interesting, as she "invented the part from scratch".^[5]{{rp|168}} Critics found the play to be fitting material for the couple, and the film became a box-office success by grossing $12 million.^[5]{{rp|181, 186}}

Taylor's third film released in 1967, John Huston's Reflections in a Golden Eye, was her first without Burton since Cleopatra. It was a drama about a repressed homosexual and his unfaithful wife, and was originally slated to co-star Taylor's old friend Montgomery Clift. His career had been in decline for several years due to his substance-abuse problems, but Taylor was determined to secure his involvement in the project, even offering to pay for his insurance.^[5]{{rp|157–161}} However, Clift died from a heart attack before filming began; he was replaced by Marlon Brando.^[5]{{rp|175,189}} Reflections was a critical and commercial failure at the time of its release.^[5]{{rp|233–234}} Taylor and Burton's last film of the year was the Graham Greene adaptation The Comedians, which received mixed reviews and was a box-office disappointment.^[5]{{rp|228–232}}

Career decline (1968–1979)

Taylor's career was in decline by the late 1960s. She had gained weight, was nearing middle age, and did not fit in with New Hollywood stars such as Jane Fonda and Julie Christie.^[5]{{rp|135–136}}^[1]{{rp|294–296,307–308}} After several years of nearly constant media attention, the public was also tiring of Burton and her, and criticized their jet set lifestyle.^[5]{{rp|142, 151–152}}^[1]{{rp|294–296,305–306}}

In 1968, Taylor starred in two films directed by Joseph Losey – Boom!, and Secret Ceremony – both of which were critical and commercial failures.^[5]{{rp|238–246}} The former, based on Tennessee Williams' The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore, features her as an aging, serial-marrying millionaire, and Burton as a younger man who turns up on the Mediterranean island on which she has retired.^[5]{{rp|211–217}} Secret Ceremony is a psychological drama which also stars Mia Farrow and Robert Mitchum.^[5]{{rp|242–243, 246}} Taylor's third film with George Stevens, The Only Game in Town (1970), in which she played a Las Vegas showgirl who has an affair with a compulsive gambler, played by Warren Beatty, was unsuccessful.^[5]{{rp|287}}^[29]

The three films in which Taylor acted in 1972 were somewhat more successful. Zee and Co., which portrayed Michael Caine and her as a troubled married couple, won her the David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actress. She then appeared with Burton in the Dylan Thomas adaptation Under Milk Wood; although her role was small, its producers decided to give her top-billing to profit from her fame.^[5]{{rp|313–316}} Her third film role that year was playing a blonde diner waitress in Peter Ustinov's Faust parody Hammersmith Is Out, her tenth collaboration with Burton. Although it was overall not successful,^[5]{{rp|316}} Taylor received some good reviews, with Vincent Canby of The New York Times writing that she has "a certain vulgar, ratty charm",^[30] and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times stating, "The spectacle of Elizabeth Taylor growing older and more beautiful continues to amaze the population".^[31] Her performance won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival.^[29]

Taylor and Burton's last film together was the Harlech Television film Divorce His, Divorce Hers (1973), fittingly named as they divorced the following year.^[5]{{rp|357}} Her other films released in 1973 were the British thriller Night Watch (1973) and the American drama Ash Wednesday (1973).^[5]{{rp|341–349,357–358}} For the latter, in which she starred as a woman who undergoes multiple plastic surgeries in an attempt to save her marriage, she received a Golden Globe nomination.^[32] Her only film released in 1974, the Italian Muriel Spark adaptation The Driver's Seat (1974), was a failure.^[5]{{rp|371–375}}

Taylor took fewer roles after the mid-1970s, and focused on supporting the career of her sixth husband, Republican politician John Warner. In 1976, she participated in the Soviet-American fantasy film The Blue Bird (1976), a critical and box-office failure, and had a small role in the television film Victory at Entebbe (1976), and in 1977, she sang in the critically panned film adaptation of Stephen Sondheim's A Little Night Music (1977).^[5]{{rp|388–389,403}}

Stage and television roles; retirement (1980–2007)

After a period of semi-retirement from films, Taylor starred in The Mirror Crack'd (1980), adapted from an Agatha Christie mystery novel and featuring an ensemble cast of actors from the studio era, such as Angela Lansbury, Kim Novak, Rock Hudson, and Tony Curtis.^[5]{{rp|435}} Wanting to challenge herself, she then appeared in her first substantial stage role, playing Regina Giddens in a Broadway production of Lillian Hellman's The Little Foxes.^[5]{{rp|411}}^[1]{{rp|347–362}} Instead of portraying Giddens in negative light as had often been the case in previous productions, Taylor's idea was to show her as a victim of circumstance, explaining, "She's a killer, but she's saying, 'Sorry fellas, you put me in this position'".^[1]{{rp|349}} The production premiered in May 1981, and had a sold-out six-month run despite mixed reviews.^[5]{{rp|411}}^[1]{{rp|347–362}} Frank Rich of The New York Times wrote that Taylor's performance as "Regina Giddens, that malignant Southern bitch-goddess ... begins gingerly, soon gathers steam, and then explodes into a black and thunderous storm that may just knock you out of your seat",^[33] while Dan Sullivan of the Los Angeles Times stated, "Taylor presents a possible Regina Giddens, as seen through the persona of Elizabeth Taylor. There's some acting in it, as well as some personal display."^[34] She appeared as evil socialite Helena Cassadine in the day-time soap opera General Hospital in November 1981.^[1]{{rp|347–362}} The following year, she continued performing The Little Foxes in London's West End, but received largely negative reviews from the British press.^[1]{{rp|347–362}}

Encouraged by the success of The Little Foxes, Taylor and producer Zev Buffman founded the Elizabeth Taylor Repertory Company.^[1]{{rp|347–362}} Its first and only production was a revival of Noël Coward's comedy Private Lives, starring Taylor and Burton.^[5]{{rp|413–425}}^[1]{{rp|347–362}}^[35] It premiered in Boston in early 1983, and although commercially successful, received generally negative reviews, with critics noting that both stars were in noticeably poor health – Taylor admitted herself to a drug and alcohol rehabilitation center after the play's run ended, and Burton died the following year.^[5]{{rp|413–425}}^[1]{{rp|347–362}} After the failure of Private Lives, Taylor dissolved her theater company.^[36] Her only other project that year was television film Between Friends.^[37]

From the mid-1980s, Taylor acted mostly in television productions. She made cameos in the soap operas Hotel and All My Children in 1984, and played a brothel keeper in the historical mini-series North and South in 1985.^[5]{{rp|363–373}} She also starred in several television films, playing gossip columnist Louella Parsons in Malice in Wonderland (1985), a "fading movie star" in the drama There Must Be a Pony (1986),^[38] and a character based on Poker Alice in the eponymous Western (1987).^[1]{{rp|363–373}} She re-united with director Franco Zeffirelli to appear in his French-Italian biopic Young Toscanini (1988), and had the last starring role of her career in a television adaptation of Sweet Bird of Youth (1989), her fourth Tennessee Williams play.^[1]{{rp|363–373}} During this time, she also began receiving honorary awards for her career – the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 1985,^[32] and the Film Society of Lincoln Center's Chaplin Award in 1986.^[39]

In the 1990s, Taylor focused her time on HIV/AIDS activism. Her few acting roles included characters in the animated series Captain Planet and the Planeteers (1992) and The Simpsons (1992, 1993),^[40] and cameos in four CBS series – The Nanny, Can't Hurry Love, Murphy Brown, and High Society – in one night in February 1996 to promote her new fragrance.^[41] Her last theatrically released film was in the critically panned, but commercially very successful, The Flintstones (1994), in which she played Pearl Slaghoople in a brief supporting role.^[5]{{rp|436}} Taylor received American and British honors for her career: the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1993,^[42] the Screen Actors Guild honorary award in 1997,^[43] and a BAFTA Fellowship in 1999.^[44] In 2000, she was made a Dame by Queen Elizabeth II.^[45] After supporting roles in the television film These Old Broads (2001) and in the animated sitcom God, the Devil and Bob (2001), Taylor announced that she was retiring from acting to devote her time to philanthropy.^[5]{{rp|436}}^[46] She gave one last public performance in 2007 when, with James Earl Jones, she performed the play Love Letters at an AIDS benefit at the Paramount Studios.^[5]{{rp|436}}

Other ventures

HIV/AIDS activism

Taylor was one of the first celebrities to participate in HIV/AIDS activism, helping to raise more than $270 million for the cause.^[47] She began her philanthropic work in 1984, after becoming frustrated with the disease being widely discussed, but very little being done about it.^[48] She later explained for Vanity Fair that she "decided that with my name, I could open certain doors, that I was a commodity in myself – and I'm not talking as an actress. I could take the fame I'd resented and tried to get away from for so many years – but you can never get away from it – and use it to do some good. I wanted to retire, but the tabloids wouldn't let me. So, I thought: If you're going to screw me over, I'll use you."^[49]

Taylor began her philanthropic efforts by helping to organize and by hosting the first AIDS fund-raiser to benefit the AIDS Project Los Angeles.^[49][50] In August 1985, with Dr. Michael Gottlieb, she founded the National AIDS Research Foundation after her friend and former co-star Rock Hudson announced that he was dying of the disease.^[49][50] The following month, the foundation merged with Dr. Mathilde Krim's AIDS foundation to form the American Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR).^[51][52] As amfAR focuses on funding research, Taylor founded the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation (ETAF) in 1991 to raise awareness and to provide support services for people with HIV/AIDS, paying for its overhead costs herself.^[49][50][53] Her trust continues to do so, and 25% of her image and likeness royalties are donated to ETAF.^[53] In addition to her work for people affected by HIV/AIDS in the United States, Taylor was instrumental in expanding amfAR's operations to other countries; ETAF also operates internationally.^[49]

Taylor testified before the Senate and House for the Ryan White Care Act in 1986, 1990, and 1992.^[52][54] She persuaded President Ronald Reagan to acknowledge the disease for the first time in a speech in 1987, and publicly criticized presidents George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton for lack of interest in combatting the disease.^[49][50] Taylor also founded the Elizabeth Taylor Medical Center to offer free HIV/AIDS testing and care at the Whitman-Walker Clinic in Washington, D. C., and the Elizabeth Taylor Endowment Fund for the UCLA Clinical AIDS Research and Education Center in Los Angeles.^[52] In 2015, Taylor's business partner Kathy Ireland claimed that Taylor ran an illegal "underground network" that distributed medications to Americans suffering from HIV/AIDS during the 1980s, when the Food and Drug Administration had not yet approved them.^[55] The claim was challenged by several people, including amfAR's former vice president for development and external affairs, Taylor's former publicist, and activists who were involved in the Project Inform in the 1980s and 1990s.^[56]

Taylor was honored with several awards for her philanthropic work. She was made a Knight of the French Legion of Honour in 1987, and received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1993, the Screen Actors' Guild Lifetime Achievement Award for Humanitarian service in 1997, the GLAAD Vanguard Award in 2000, and the Presidential Citizens Medal in 2001.^[52]

Fragrance and jewelry brands

Taylor was the first celebrity to create her own collection of fragrances.^[57][58] In collaboration with Elizabeth Arden, Inc., she began by launching two best-selling perfumes – Passion in 1987, and White Diamonds in 1991.^[57] Taylor personally supervised the creation and production of each of the 11 fragrances marketed in her name.^[57] According to biographers Sam Kashner and Nancy Schoenberger, she earned more money through the fragrance collection than during her entire acting career,^[5]{{rp|436}} and upon her death, the British newspaper The Guardian estimated that the majority of her estimated $600 million-$1 billion estate consisted of revenue from fragrances.^[57] In 2005, Taylor also founded a jewelry company, House of Taylor, in collaboration with Kathy Ireland and Jack and Monty Abramov.^[59]

Personal life

Marriages, relationships, and children

Throughout her adult years, Taylor's personal life, and especially her eight marriages, drew a large amount of media attention and public disapproval. According to biographer Alexander Walker, "Whether she liked it or not ... marriage is the matrix of the myth that began surrounding Elizabeth Taylor from [when she was sixteen]".^[1]{{rp|126}} MGM organized her to date football champion Glenn Davis in 1948, and the following year, she was briefly engaged to William Pawley Jr., son of US ambassador William D. Pawley.^[1]{{rp|75–88}} Film tycoon Howard Hughes also wanted to marry her, and offered to pay her parents a six-figure sum of money if she were to become his wife.^[1]{{rp|81–82}} Taylor declined the offer, but was otherwise eager to marry young, as her "rather puritanical upbringing and beliefs" made her believe that "love was synonymous with marriage".^[11] Taylor later described herself as being "emotionally immature" during this time due to her sheltered childhood, and believed that she could gain independence from her parents and MGM through marriage.^[11]

Taylor was 18 when she married Conrad "Nicky" Hilton Jr., heir to the Hilton Hotels chain, at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beverly Hills on May 6, 1950.^[1]{{rp|106–112}} MGM organized the large and expensive wedding, which became a major media event.^[1]{{rp|106–112}} In the weeks after their wedding, Taylor realized that she had made a mistake; not only did she and Hilton have few interests in common, but he was also abusive and a heavy drinker.^[1]{{rp|113–119}} She was granted a divorce in January 1951, eight months after their wedding.^[1]{{rp|120–125}}

Taylor married her second husband, British actor Michael Wilding – a man 20 years her senior – in a low-key ceremony at Caxton Hall in London on February 21, 1952.^[1]{{rp|=139}} She had first met him in 1948 while filming The Conspirator in England, and their relationship began when she returned to film Ivanhoe in 1951.^[1]{{rp|131–133}} Taylor found their age gap appealing, as she wanted "the calm and quiet and security of friendship" from their relationship;^[11] he hoped that the marriage would aid his career in Hollywood.^[1]{{rp|136}} They had two sons: Michael Howard (b. 1953), and Christopher Edward (b. 1955).^[1]{{rp|148,160}} As Taylor grew older and more confident in herself, she began to drift apart from Wilding, whose failing career was also a source of marital strife.^[1]{{rp|160–165}} When she was away filming Giant in 1955, gossip magazine Confidential caused a scandal by claiming that he had entertained strippers at their home.^[1]{{rp|164–165}} Taylor and Wilding announced their separation in the summer of 1956,^[60] and were divorced in 1957.^[61]

Taylor married her third husband, theater and film producer Mike Todd, in Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico, on February 2, 1957.^[1]{{rp|178–180}} They had one daughter, Elizabeth "Liza" Frances (b. 1957).^[1]{{rp|186}} Todd, known for publicity stunts, encouraged the media attention to their marriage; for example, in June 1957, he threw a birthday party at Madison Square Garden, which was attended by 18,000 guests and broadcast on CBS.^[5]{{rp|5–6}}^[1]{{rp|188}} His death in a plane crash on March 22, 1958, left Taylor devastated.^[5]{{rp|5–6}}^[1]{{rp|193–202}} She was comforted by Todd's and her friend, singer Eddie Fisher, with whom she soon began an affair.^[5]{{rp|7–9}}^[1]{{rp|201–210}} As Fisher was still married to actress Debbie Reynolds, the affair resulted in a public scandal, with Taylor being branded a "homewrecker".^[5]{{rp|7–9}}^[1]{{rp|201–210}} Taylor and Fisher were married at the Temple Beth Sholom in Las Vegas on May 12, 1959; she later stated that she married him only due to her grief.^[5]{{rp|7–9}}^[1]{{rp|201–210}}^[11]

While filming Cleopatra in Italy in 1962, Taylor began an affair with her co-star, Welsh actor Richard Burton, although Burton was also married. Rumors about the affair began to circulate in the press, and were confirmed by a paparazzi shot of them on a yacht in Ischia.^[5]{{rp|27–34|2a1=Sternheimer|2y=2015|2p=174}} According to sociologist Ellis Cashmore, the publication of the photograph was a "turning point", beginning a new era in which it became difficult for celebrities to keep their personal lives separate from their public images.{{sfn|Sternheimer|2015|p=174}} The scandal caused Taylor and Burton to be condemned for "erotic vagrancy" by the Vatican, with calls also in the US Congress to bar them from re-entering the country.^[5]{{rp|36}} Taylor was granted a divorce from Fisher on March 6, 1964, in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico, and married Burton nine days later in a private ceremony at the Ritz-Carlton Montreal.^[5]{{rp|99–100}} Burton subsequently adopted Liza Todd and Maria Burton (born August 1, 1961), a German orphan whose adoption process Taylor had begun while married to Fisher.^[62][63]

Dubbed "Liz and Dick" by the media, Taylor and Burton starred together in 11 films, and led a jet-set lifestyle, spending millions on "furs, diamonds, paintings, designer clothes, travel, food, liquor, a yacht, and a jet".^[5]{{rp|193}} Sociologist Karen Sternheimer states that they "became a cottage industry of speculation about their alleged life of excess. From reports of massive spending [...] affairs, and even an open marriage, the couple came to represent a new era of 'gotcha' celebrity coverage, where the more personal the story, the better."{{sfn|Sternheimer|2015|pp=200–201}} They divorced for the first time in June 1974, but reconciled, and remarried in Kasane, Botswana, on October 10, 1975.^[5]{{rp|376,391–394}} The second marriage lasted less than a year, ending in divorce in July 1976.^[5]{{rp|384–385,406}} Taylor and Burton's relationship was often referred to as the "marriage of the century" by the media, and she later stated, "After Richard, the men in my life were just there to hold the coat, to open the door. All the men after Richard were really just company."^[5]{{rp|vii,437}}

Soon after her final divorce from Burton, Taylor met her sixth husband, John Warner, a Republican politician from Virginia.^[5]{{rp|402–405}} They were married on December 4, 1976, after which Taylor concentrated on working for his electoral campaign.^[5]{{rp|402–405}} Once Warner had been elected to the Senate, she started to find her life as a politician's wife in Washington, D. C., boring and lonely, becoming depressed, overweight, and increasingly addicted to prescription drugs and alcohol.^[5]{{rp|402–405}} Taylor and Warner separated in December 1981, and divorced a year later in November 1982.^[5]{{rp|410–411}}

After the divorce from Warner, Taylor dated actor Anthony Geary, and was engaged to Mexican lawyer Victor Luna in 1983–1984,^[5]{{rp|422–434}} and New York businessman Dennis Stein in 1985.^[64] She met her seventh – and last – husband, construction worker Larry Fortensky, at the Betty Ford Center in 1988.^[5]{{rp|437}}^[1]{{rp|465–466}} They were married at the Neverland Ranch of her long-time friend Michael Jackson on October 6, 1991.{{r|woo20110324}} The wedding was again subject to intense media attention, with one photographer parachuting to the ranch{{r|woo20110324}} and Taylor selling the wedding pictures to People for $1 million, which she used to start her AIDS foundation.^[52] Taylor and Fortensky divorced in October 1996.^[5]{{rp|437}}

Support for Jewish and Israeli causes

Taylor was raised as a Christian Scientist, and converted to Judaism in 1959.^[5]{{rp|173–174}}^[1]{{rp|206–210}} Although two of her husbands – Mike Todd and Eddie Fisher – were Jewish, Taylor stated that she did not convert because of them, but had wanted to do so "for a long time",^[65] and that there was "comfort and dignity and hope for me in this ancient religion that [has] survived for four thousand years... I feel as if I have been a Jew all my life".{{sfn|Heymann|1995|p=195}} Walker believed that Taylor was influenced in her decision by her godfather, Victor Cazalet, and her mother, who were active supporters of Zionism during her childhood.^[1]{{rp|14}}

Following her conversion, Taylor became an active supporter of Jewish and Zionist causes.^[66][67] In 1959, she purchased $100,000 worth of Israeli bonds, which led to her films being banned by Muslim countries throughout the Middle East and Africa.{{sfn|Kelley|1981|p=134}}^[67] She was also barred from entering Egypt to film Cleopatra in 1962, but the ban was lifted two years later after the Egyptian officials deemed that the film brought positive publicity for the country.^[66] In addition to purchasing bonds, Taylor helped to raise money for organizations such as the Jewish National Fund,^[66] and sat on the board of trustees of the Simon Wiesenthal Center.^[68]

She also advocated for the right of Soviet Jews to emigrate to Israel, cancelled a visit to the USSR because of its condemnation of Israel due to the Six-Day War, and signed a letter protesting the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 of 1975.^[66] In 1976, she offered herself as a replacement hostage after more than 100 Israeli civilians were taken hostage in the Entebbe skyjacking.^[66] She had a small role in the television film made about the incident, Victory at Entebbe (1976), and narrated Genocide (1981), an Academy Award-winning documentary about the Holocaust.^[68]

Style and jewelry collection

Taylor is considered a fashion icon both for her film costumes and personal style.^[69][70][71] At MGM, her costumes were mostly designed by Helen Rose and Edith Head,^[72] and in the 1960s by Irene Sharaff.^[70][73] Her most famous costumes include a white ball gown in A Place in the Sun (1951), a Grecian dress in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958), and a slip and a fur coat in BUtterfield 8 (1960).^[69][70][71] Her make-up look in Cleopatra (1963) started a trend for "cat-eye" make-up done with black eyeliner.^[5]{{rp|135–136}}

Taylor collected jewelry through her life, and owned the {{convert|33.19|carat|g|adj=on}} Krupp Diamond, the {{convert|69.42|carat|g|adj=on}} Taylor-Burton Diamond, and the {{convert|50|carat|g|adj=on}} La Peregrina Pearl, formerly owned by Mary I of England – all three were gifts from husband Richard Burton.^[5]{{rp|237–238,258–259,275–276}} She also published a book about her collection, My Love Affair with Jewelry, in 2002.^[70][74] Taylor helped to popularize the work of fashion designers Valentino Garavani^[72][75] and Halston.^[70][76] She received a Lifetime of Glamour Award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) in 1997.^[77] After her death, her jewelry and fashion collections were auctioned by Christie's to benefit her AIDS foundation, ETAF. The jewelry sold for a record-breaking sum of $156.8 million,^[78] and the clothes and accessories for a further $5.5 million.^[79]

Health problems and death

Taylor struggled with health problems for most of her life.{{r|woo20110324}} She was born with scoliosis^[80] and broke her back while filming National Velvet in 1944.^[1]{{rp|40–47}} The fracture went undetected for several years, although it caused her chronic back problems.^[1]{{rp|40–47}} In 1956, she underwent an operation in which some of her spinal discs were removed and replaced with donated bone.^[1]{{rp|175}} Taylor was also prone to other illnesses and injuries, which often necessitated surgery; in 1961, she survived a near-fatal bout of pneumonia that required a tracheotomy.^[5]{{rp|12–14,129,142,160,244–245,253–254,295–296}}

In addition, she was addicted to alcohol and prescription pain killers and tranquilizers. She was treated at the Betty Ford Center for seven weeks from December 1983 to January 1984, becoming the first celebrity to openly admit herself to the clinic.^[5]{{rp|424–425}} She relapsed later in the decade, and entered rehabilitation again in 1988.^[1]{{rp|366–368}} Taylor also struggled with her weight – she became overweight in the 1970s, especially after her marriage to Senator John Warner, and published a diet book about her experiences, Elizabeth Takes Off (1988).^[81][82] Taylor was a heavy smoker until she experienced a severe bout of pneumonia in 1990.^[83]

Taylor's health increasingly declined during the last two decades of her life, and she rarely attended public events after about 1996.^[80] Taylor had serious bouts of pneumonia in 1990 and 2000,^[50] underwent hip replacement surgery in the mid-1990s,{{r|woo20110324}} underwent surgery for a benign brain tumor in 1997,{{r|woo20110324}} and was successfully treated for skin cancer in 2002.^[80] She used a wheelchair due to her back problems, and was diagnosed with congestive heart failure in 2004.^[84][85] Six weeks after being hospitalized, she died of the illness at age 79 on March 23, 2011, at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles.^[86] Her funeral took place the following day at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California. The service was a private Jewish ceremony presided over by Rabbi Jerome Cutler. At Taylor's request, the ceremony began 15 minutes behind schedule, as, according to her representative, "she even wanted to be late for her own funeral".^[87] She was entombed in the cemetery's Great Mausoleum.^[88]

Legacy

Taylor was one of the last stars of classical Hollywood cinema,^[90][91] and one of the first modern celebrities.^{[92][93][94][95][96]} During the era of the studio system, she exemplified the classic film star. She was portrayed as different from "ordinary" people, and her public image was carefully crafted and controlled by MGM.{{sfn|Rojek|2012|p=177}} When the era of classical Hollywood ended in the 1960s, and paparazzi photography became a normal feature of media culture, Taylor came to define a new type of celebrity, whose real private life was the focus of public interest.{{sfn|Cashmore|2006|p=75}}^[92][97] According to Adam Bernstein of The Washington Post, "[m]ore than for any film role, she became famous for being famous, setting a media template for later generations of entertainers, models, and all variety of semi-somebodies."^[98]

Regardless of the acting awards she won during her career, Taylor's film performances were often overlooked by contemporary critics;^[8][99] according to film historian Jeanine Basinger, "No actress ever had a more difficult job in getting critics to accept her onscreen as someone other than Elizabeth Taylor... Her persona ate her alive."^[98] Her film roles often mirrored her personal life, and many critics continue to regard her as always playing herself, rather than acting.^{[92][98][100]} In contrast, Mel Gussow of The New York Times stated that "the range of [Taylor's] acting was surprisingly wide", despite the fact that she never received any professional training.^[8] Film critic Peter Bradshaw called her "an actress of such sexiness it was an incitement to riot – sultry and queenly at the same time", and "a shrewd, intelligent, intuitive acting presence in her later years".^[101] David Thomson stated that "she had the range, nerve, and instinct that only Bette Davis had had before – and like Davis, Taylor was monster and empress, sweetheart and scold, idiot and wise woman".^[102] Three films in which she starred – National Velvet, Giant, and Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? – have been preserved in the National Film Registry, and the American Film Institute has named her the seventh greatest female screen legend of classical Hollywood cinema.

Taylor has also been discussed by journalists and scholars interested in the role of women in Western society. Camille Paglia writes that Taylor was a "pre-feminist woman" who "wields the sexual power that feminism cannot explain and has tried to destroy. Through stars like Taylor, we sense the world-disordering impact of legendary women like Delilah, Salome, and Helen of Troy."^[103] In contrast, cultural critic M.G. Lord calls Taylor an "accidental feminist", stating that while she did not identify as a feminist, many of her films had feminist themes and "introduced a broad audience to feminist ideas".^[104]{{efn|For example, National Velvet (1944) was about a girl attempting to compete in the Grand National despite gender discrimination; A Place in the Sun (1951) is "a cautionary tale from a time before women had ready access to birth control"; her character in BUtterfield 8 (1960) is shown in control of her sexuality; Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966) "depicts the anguish that befalls a woman when the only way she can express herself is through her husband's stalled career and children".^[104]}} Similarly, Ben W. Heineman Jr. and Cristine Russell write in The Atlantic that her role in Giant "dismantled stereotypes about women and minorities".^[105]

Taylor is considered a gay icon, and received widespread recognition for her HIV/AIDS activism.^{[98][106][107][108]} After her death, GLAAD issued a statement saying that she "was an icon not only in Hollywood, but in the LGBT community, where she worked to ensure that everyone was treated with the respect and dignity we all deserve",^[106] and Sir Nick Partridge of the Terrence Higgins Trust called her "the first major star to publicly fight fear and prejudice towards AIDS".^[109] According to Paul Flynn of The Guardian, she was "a new type of gay icon, one whose position is based not on tragedy, but on her work for the LGBTQ community".^[110] Speaking of her charity work, former President Bill Clinton said at her death, "Elizabeth's legacy will live on in many people around the world whose lives will be longer and better because of her work and the ongoing efforts of those she inspired."^[111]

See also

Notes

References

Sources

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• {{cite book |last=Cashmore |first=Ellis |title=Celebrity/Culture |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-37310-4 |ref=harv}}
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• {{Cite book|last=Curtis|first=James|title=Spencer Tracy: A Biography|publisher=Hutchinson|location=|year=2011|isbn=0-09-178524-3|authorlink=James Curtis (biographer) |ref=harv}}
• {{cite book |last=Doty |first=Alexander |editor1-last=Wojcik| editor1-first=Pamela Robertson |chapter=Elizabeth Taylor: The Biggest Star in the World |title=New Constellations: Movie Stars of the 1960s |year=2012 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-5171-5 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|first=Douglass K. |last=Daniel |title=Tough as Nails: The Life and Films of Richard Brooks|

publisher= University of Wisconsin Press|year= 2011|isbn=978-0-299-25123-9 |ref=harv}}

• Dye, David (1988). Child and Youth Actors: Filmography of Their Entire Careers, 1914-1985. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., pp. 226–227.
• {{cite book |last=Gehring |first=Wes D. |title =Irene Dunne: First Lady of Hollywood |year=2006 |origyear=2003 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-5864-0 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite book |last1=Hernán |first1=Vera |last2=Gordon |first2=Andrew M. |title=Screen Saviors: Hollywood Fictions of Whiteness |year=2003 |publisher=Rowman and Littlefield |isbn=0-8476-9947-1 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite book |last1=Heymann |first1=David C. |title=Liz: An Intimate Biography of Elizabeth Taylor |year=1995 |publisher=Birch Lane Press| isbn=1-55972-267-3| ref=harv}}
• {{cite book |last1=Kashner |first1=Sam |last2=Schoenberger |first2=Nancy |title=Furious Love: Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, and the Marriage of the Century |year=2010 |publisher=JR Books| isbn=978-1-907532-22-1 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite book |last=Kelley |first=Kitty |title=Elizabeth Taylor: The Last Star |year=1981 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-4516-5676-3 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|last1=Lower|first1=Cheryl Bray|last2=Palmer|first2=R. Barton|title=Joseph L. Mankiewicz: Critical Essays with an Annotated Bibliography and a Filmography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfrXBQAHXSoC|year=2001|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-0987-7 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite book |last=Moss |first=Marilyn Ann |title=Giant: George Stevens, a Life on Film |year=2004 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |isbn=0-299-20430-8 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite book |last=Rojek |first=Chris |title=Fame Attack: The Inflation of Celebrity and its Consequences |year=2012 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-84966-071-6 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite book |last=Sternheimer |first=Karen |title =Celebrity Culture and the American Dream (Second Edition) |year=2015 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-1-138-02395-6| ref=harv}}
• {{cite book |last=Stubbs |first=Jonathan |title=Historical Film: A Critical Introduction |year=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-84788-498-5| ref=harv}}
• {{cite book |last=Troyan |first=Michael |title=A Rose for Mrs. Miniver: The Life of Greer Garson |year=1999 |publisher=The University Press of Kentucky |isbn=978-0-8131-9150-8 |ref=harv}}
• {{cite book |last=Walker |first=Alexander |title=Elizabeth: The Life of Elizabeth Taylor |year=1990 |publisher=Grove Press |isbn=0-8021-3769-5 |ref=harv}}

External links

• {{Official website}}
• [https://elizabethtayloraidsfoundation.org/ Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation (ETAF)]
• {{IMDb name|72}}
• {{IBDB name}}
• {{Screenonline name|id=472186}}
• [https://vault.fbi.gov/elizabeth-taylor FBI Records: The Vault – Elizabeth Taylor] at vault.fbi.gov
• [https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/67312270/elizabeth-taylor Elizabeth Taylor] at Find a Grave

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