“Royal Collection”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Royal Collection of the British Royal family is the largest private art collection in the world.^[7]^[8]

Spread among 13 occupied and historic royal residences in the United Kingdom, the collection is owned by Elizabeth II and overseen by the Royal Collection Trust. The Queen owns some of the collection in right of the Crown and some as a private individual. It is made up of over one million objects,^[9] including 7,000 paintings, over 150,000 works on paper,^[10] this including 30,000 watercolours and drawings,^[11] and about 450,000 photographs,^[12] as well as tapestries, furniture, ceramics, textiles, carriages, weapons, armour, jewellery, clocks, musical instruments, tableware, plants, manuscripts, books, and sculptures.

Some of the buildings which house the collection, like Hampton Court Palace, are open to the public and not lived in by the Royal Family, whilst others, like Windsor Castle and Kensington Palace, are both residences and open to the public. The Queen's Gallery at Buckingham Palace in London was built specially to exhibit pieces from the collection on a rotating basis. There is a similar art gallery next to the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh, and a Drawings Gallery at Windsor Castle. The Crown Jewels are on public display in the Jewel House at the Tower of London.

About 3,000 objects are on loan to museums throughout the world, and many others are lent on a temporary basis to exhibitions.^[9]

History

Few items from before Henry VIII survive. The most important additions were made by Charles I, a passionate collector of Italian paintings and a major patron of Van Dyck and other Flemish artists. He purchased the bulk of the Gonzaga collection from the Duchy of Mantua. The entire Royal Collection, which included 1,500 paintings and 500 statues,^[13] was sold after Charles's execution in 1649. The 'Sale of the Late King's Goods' at Somerset House raised £185,000 for the English Republic. Other items were given away in lieu of payment to settle the king's debts.^[14] A number of pieces were recovered by Charles II after the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, and they form the basis for the collection today. The Dutch Republic also presented Charles with the Dutch Gift of 28 paintings, 12 sculptures, and a selection of furniture. He went on to buy many paintings and other works.

George IV shared Charles I's enthusiasm for collecting, buying up large numbers of Dutch Golden Age paintings and their Flemish contemporaries. Like other English collectors, he took advantage of the great quantities of French decorative art on the London market after the French Revolution, and is mostly responsible for the collection's outstanding holdings of 18th-century French furniture and porcelain, especially Sèvres. He also bought much contemporary English silver, and many recent and contemporary English paintings.^[18] Queen Victoria and her husband Albert were keen collectors of contemporary and old master paintings.

Many objects have been given from the collection to museums, especially by George III and Victoria and Albert. In particular, the King's Library formed by George III with the assistance of his librarian Frederick Augusta Barnard, consisting of 65,000 printed books, was given to the British Museum, now the British Library, where they remain as a distinct collection.^[19] He also donated the "Old Royal Library" of some 2,000 manuscripts, which are still segregated as the Royal manuscripts.^[20] The core of this collection was the purchase by James I of the related collections of Humphrey Llwyd, Lord Lumley, and the Earl of Arundel.^[21] Prince Albert's will requested the donation of a number of mostly early paintings to the National Gallery, London, which Queen Victoria fulfilled.^[22]

Modern era

Throughout the reign of Elizabeth II (1952–present), there have been significant additions to the collection through judicious purchases, bequests, and gifts from nation states and official bodies.^[23] Since 1952, approximately 2,500 works have been added to the Royal Collection.^[14] The Commonwealth is strongly represented in this manner: an example is 75 contemporary Canadian watercolours that entered the collection between 1985 and 2001 as a gift from the Canadian Society of Painters in Water Colour.^[24] Modern art acquired by Elizabeth II includes pieces by Sir Anish Kapoor and Andy Warhol.^[14]

In 1987 a new department of the Royal Household was established to oversee the Royal Collection, and it was financed by the commercial activities of Royal Collection Enterprises, a limited company. Before then, it was maintained using the monarch's official income paid by the Civil List. Since 1993 the collection has been funded by entrance fees to Windsor Castle and Buckingham Palace.^[25]

Collection

A computerised inventory of the collection was started in early 1991,^[28] and it was completed in December 1997.^[29] The full inventory is not available to the public, though catalogues of parts of the collection – especially paintings – have been published, and a searchable database on the Royal Collection website is increasingly comprehensive,^[30] with "265,302 items found" by early 2019.^[31]

About a third of the 7,000 paintings in the collection are on view or stored at buildings in London which fall under the remit of the Historic Royal Palaces agency: the Tower of London, Hampton Court Palace, Kensington Palace, Banqueting House (Whitehall), and Kew Palace.^[32] The Jewel House and Martin Tower at the Tower of London also house the Crown Jewels. A rotating selection of art, furniture, jewellery, and other items considered to be of the highest quality is shown at the Queen's Gallery, a purpose-built exhibition centre near Buckingham Palace.^[33] Many objects are displayed in the palace itself, the state rooms of which are open to visitors for much of the year, as well as in Windsor Castle, Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, the Royal Pavilion in Brighton, and Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. Some works are on long-term or permanent loan to museums and other places; the most famous of these are the Raphael Cartoons, in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London since 1865.^[34]

Paintings, prints and drawings

The collection's holdings of Western fine art are among the largest and most important assemblages in existence, with works of the highest quality, and in many cases artists whose works cannot be fully understood without a study of the holdings contained within the Royal Collection. There are over 7,000 paintings, spread across the Royal residences and palaces. The collection does not claim to provide a comprehensive, chronological survey of Western fine art but it has been shaped by the individual tastes of kings, queens and their families over the last 500 years.

Furniture

Numbering over 300 items, the Royal Collection holds one of the greatest and most important collections of French furniture ever assembled. The collection is noted for its encyclopedic range as well as counting the greatest cabinet-makers of the Ancien Régime.

Paire de petit pier table, c. 1823–4 (The Blue Drawing Room, Buckingham Palace)

Cabinet, (without stand, similar to ones in the State Hermitage Museum and the collections of the Duke of Buccleuch)

Writing table, possibly delivered to Louis, the Grand Dauphin (1661–1711), c. 1680

Paire de encoignure, delivered to Louis XVI's "Chambre du Roi" at Versailles, c. 1774;

Centre-table, 'The Table of the Grand Commanders', c. 1806–12 (The Blue Drawing Room, Buckingham Palace)

Side Table, (see pietra dura section), c. 1785 (The Green Drawing Room, Buckingham Palace)

Cabinet, Adam Weisweiler – at least inset with pietra dura panels, 1780 (The Green Drawing Room, Buckingham Palace)

Side Table, Adam Weisweiler – at least inset with pietra dura panels, c. 1780 (The Silk Tapestry Room, Buckingham Palace)

Cabinet (commode à vantaux), Martin Carlin – at least inset with pietra dura panels re-used from Louis XIVs great Florentine cabinets, c. 1778 (The Silk Tapestry Room, Buckingham Palace)

Paire de cabinets, Martin-Eloy Lignereux – at least inset with Florentine plaques, c. 1803

Pair of cabinets, Robert Hume, c. 1820 (The Crimson Drawing Room, Windsor Castle)

Four Florentine pietra dura panels on 18th century cabinets, re-adapted, c. 1820s (The White Drawing Room, Buckingham Palace)

Bureau, magnificent example similar to a version in both the V&A and the Getty Museum, 1690–95

Sculpture and decorative arts

Pedestal clock, (Similar to ones in Blenheim Palace, Chateau de Versailles, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Frick Collection and the Cleveland Museum of Art)

Large clock, raised on a bronze plaque plinth, c. 1775 (The East Gallery, Buckingham Palace)

Clock, figures and frieze representing the Oath of the Horaatii, early 19th century

Clock, in the form of an African Diana, the goddess of the Hunt, 1790 (The Blue Drawing Room, Buckingham Palace)

Clock, in the form of Apollo's chariot, c. 1805 (The State Dining Room, Buckingham Palace)

Clock, fitted with three porcelain figures, c. 1788 (The State Dining Room, Buckingham Palace)

Candelabra x8, 4 pairs, c. 1787 (The Blue Drawing Room & The Music Room, Buckingham Palace)

Candelabra x4, delivered to the comte d'Artois for the cabinet turc at Versailles, 1783 (The State Dining Room, Buckingham Palace)

Candelabra x2, malachite and bronze, early 19th century (The White Drawing Room, Buckingham Palace)

Candelabra x2, malachite and bronze, c. 1828 (The State Dining Room, Buckingham Palace)

Candelabra x4, figures of patinated bronze, c. 1810 (The East Gallery, Buckingham Palace)

Equestrian statue of Louis XV, a small reduction copy after the original by Edmé Bouchardon, c. 1764

British Bronze Age - the Rillaton Gold Cup, on long-term loan to the British Museum.^[38]

Lely Venus, a Hellenistic statue of the "crouching Venus" type, bought by Charles I, on long-term loan to the British Museum.

Tapestry, four (from a series of twenty-eight designs) from the 'History of Don Quixote' given by Louis XVI to Richard Cosway, by whom presented to George IV, c. 1788

Costume

The collection has a number of items of clothing, including those worn by members of the Royal family, especially female members, some going back to the early 19th century. These include ceremonial dress and several wedding dresses, including that of Queen Victoria (1940).^[39] There are also servant's livery uniforms, and a number of exotic pieces presented over the years, going back to a "war coat" of Tipu Sultan (d. 1799).^[40] In recent years these have featured more prominently in displays and exhibitions, and are popular with the public.

Gems and Jewels

A collection of 277 cameos, intaglios, badges of insignia, snuffboxes and pieces of jewellery known as the Gems and Jewels are kept at Windsor Castle. Separate from Elizabeth II's jewels and the Crown Jewels, 24 pre-date the Renaissance and the rest were made in the 16th–19th centuries. In 1862, it was first shown publicly at the South Kensington Museum, now the Victoria and Albert Museum. Several objects were removed and others added in the second half of the Victorian period. An inventory of the collection was made in 1872, and a catalogue, Ancient and Modern Gems and Jewels in the Collection of Her Majesty The Queen, was published in 2008 by the Royal Collection Trust.^[41]

Ownership

The Royal Collection is privately owned, although some of the works are displayed in areas of palaces and other royal residences open to visitors for the public to enjoy.^[42] Some of the collection is owned by the monarch personally,^[43] and everything else is described as being held in trust by the monarch in right of the Crown. It is understood that works of art acquired by monarchs up to the death of Queen Victoria in 1901 are heirlooms which fall into the latter category. Items the British royal family acquired later, including official gifts,^[44] can be added to that part of the collection by a monarch at his or her discretion. Ambiguity surrounds the status of objects that have come into the possession of Elizabeth II during her reign.^[45] The Royal Collection Trust has confirmed that all pieces left to the Queen by the Queen Mother, which include works by Monet, Nash, and Fabergé, belong to her personally.^[46] It has also been confirmed that she owns the Royal stamp collection, inherited from her father George VI, as a private individual.^[47]

Non-personal items are said to be inalienable as they can only be willed to the monarch's successor. The legal accuracy of this claim has never been substantiated in court.^[48] According to Cameron Cobbold, then Lord Chamberlain, speaking in 1971, minor items have occasionally been sold to help raise money for acquisitions, and duplicates of items are given away as presents within the Commonwealth.^[45] In 1995, Iain Sproat, then Secretary of State for National Heritage, told the House of Commons that selling objects was "entirely a matter for the Queen".^[49] In a 2000 television interview, the Duke of Edinburgh said that the Queen was "technically, perfectly at liberty to sell them".^[33]

Hypothetical questions have been asked in Parliament about what should happen to the collection if the UK ever becomes a republic.^[50] In other European countries, the art collections of deposed monarchies usually have been taken into state ownership or become part of other national collections held in trust for the public's enjoyment.^[51] Under the European Convention on Human Rights, incorporated into British law in 1998, the monarch may have to be compensated for the loss of any assets held in right of the Crown unless he or she agreed to surrender them voluntarily.^[52]

Management

A registered charity, the Royal Collection Trust was set up in 1993 after the Windsor Castle fire with a mandate to conserve the works and enhance the public's appreciation and understanding of art.^[53] It employs around 500 staff and is one of the five departments of the Royal Household.^[54] Buildings do not come under its remit. In 2012, the team of curatorial staff numbered 29, and there were 32 conservationists.^[55] Income is raised by charging entrance fees to see the collection at various locations and selling books and merchandise to the public. The Trust is financially independent and receives no Government funding or public subsidy.^[56] A studio at Marlborough House is responsible for the conservation of furniture and decorative objects.^[57]

Gallery

See also

References

1. ^{{Royal Collection|406767|The Adoration of the Kings}}
2. ^{{Royal Collection|406050|Venus and Adonis Embracing}}
3. ^{{Royal Collection|406106|The Flood}}
4. ^{{Royal Collection|402941|Diligence}}
5. ^{{Royal Collection|404552|Charles I with M. de St Antoine}}
6. ^{{Royal Collection|402942|Fame}}
7. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2002/nov/21/art.artsfeatures1|title=Kindness of strangers|author=Stuart Jeffries|date=21 November 2002|accessdate=15 July 2016|work=The Guardian}}
8. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/style/article191927.ece|newspaper=The Sunday Times|date=2 April 2006|title=The great British art swindle|author=Jerry Brotton|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202035905/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/style/article191927.ece|archive-date=2 December 2016|quote=Some people know that this is perhaps the finest, and certainly what the royal palaces website proudly calls "the largest private collection of art in the world".}}
9. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/about/frequently-asked-questions|title=FAQs about the Royal Collection|publisher=Royal Collection Trust|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404032434/https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/about/frequently-asked-questions|archive-date=4 April 2016}}
10. ^[https://www.rct.uk/about/working-for-us/our-roles/curating/jeremy-curator-of-prints-and-drawings "Jeremy, Curator of Prints and Drawings"], RC website
11. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/11412879/Secrets-of-the-Queens-paintings.html|title=Secrets of the Queen's paintings|work=The Telegraph|date=15 February 2015|accessdate=21 March 2016}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/about-the-collection/photographs|title=About the Collection: Photographs|website=Royal Collection Trust|accessdate=4 March 2019}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/art-design/2018/01/cavalier-collector-how-charles-i-gained-and-lost-some-world-s-best-art|title=The cavalier collector: how Charles I gained (and lost) some of the world’s best art|author=Michael Prodger|website=New Statesman|date=22 January 2018|accessdate=4 March 2019}}
14. ^¹²{{cite magazine|title=The Royals' Treasures|author=Michael Prodger|magazine=Culture|publisher=The Sunday Times|date=17 December 2017|pages=44–45}}
15. ^{{Royal Collection|405346|Lady at the Virginals with a Gentleman}}
16. ^Lloyd (1991), 143, 164, 166
17. ^[https://www.rct.uk/collection/people/george-iii-king-of-the-united-kingdom-1738-1820#/type/subject "George III"], Royal Collection
18. ^[https://www.rct.uk/collection/people/george-iv-king-of-the-united-kingdom-1762-1830#/type/subject "King George IV"], Royal Collection; Lloyd (1991), 143
19. ^[https://www.bl.uk/collection-guides/the-kings-library "The King's Library], British Library
20. ^[https://www.bl.uk/collection-guides/royal-manuscripts "Royal manuscripts"], British Library
21. ^R. Brinley Jones, ‘Llwyd, Humphrey (1527–1568)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004
22. ^[https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/research/prince-albert-and-the-gallery "Prince Albert and the Gallery"], National Gallery
23. ^Sir Hugh Roberts in Roberts, pp. 25 and 391.
24. ^Jackson, p. 59.
25. ^Hall, p. 660.
26. ^{{Royal Collection|403961|The Triumphs of Caesar: 4. The Vase-Bearers}}
27. ^{{Royal Collection|407190|Portrait of Jacopo Sannazaro}}
28. ^{{Cite Hansard |jurisdiction=United Kingdom |house=House of Commons |title=Works of Art | url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1993/jan/11/works-of-art#S6CV0216P0_19930111_CWA_132 |date=11 January 1993 |volume=216 |column=540W }}
29. ^{{Cite Hansard |jurisdiction=United Kingdom |house=House of Commons |title=Royal Collection | url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1998/jul/07/royal-collection#S6CV0315P0_19980707_CWA_49 |date=7 July 1998 |volume=315 |column=429W }}
30. ^Hardman, p. 102.
31. ^[https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/page/1 "Explore the Collection"], Royal Collection, accessed 1 March 2019
32. ^{{Cite Hansard |jurisdiction=United Kingdom |house=House of Commons |title=Art Collections|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1993/feb/19/art-collections#column_366w |date=19 February 1993 |volume=219 |column=366W }}
33. ^¹{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/may/30/jubilee.education|title=The convenient fiction of who owns priceless treasure|date=30 May 2002|accessdate=1 December 2016|newspaper=The Guardian}}
34. ^Clayton and Whitaker, pp. 12 and 16.
35. ^The Social Affairs Unit – at least Web Review: Dutch Paintings at the Royal Collection
36. ^{{cite news| url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1860869,00.html | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=The real Da Vinci code | first=Jonathan | last=Jones | date=30 August 2006 | accessdate=22 May 2010}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/the-story-of-the-raphael-cartoons|title=The story of the Raphael Cartoons|website=V&A|accessdate=12 February 2019}}
38. ^[https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/1/collection/69742/the-rillaton-cup "Rillaton Cup"], Royal Collection
39. ^[https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/14/collection/71975/queen-victorias-wedding-dress "Queen Victoria's wedding dress, 1840"], Royal Collection
40. ^[https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/11/collection/67213/war-coat-of-tipu-sultan "War coat of Tipu Sultan, 1785-90"], Royal Collection
41. ^Piacenti and Boardman, p. 11.
42. ^Lloyd, p. 11. "It is, therefore, a private collection, although its sheer size (some 7,000 pictures) and its display in palaces and royal residences (several of which are open to the public) give it a public dimension".
43. ^{{Cite Hansard |jurisdiction=United Kingdom |house=House of Commons |title=Royal Taxation|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/2000/jun/07/royal-taxation#S6CV0351P0_20000607_CWA_212|date=7 June 2000 |volume=351 |column=273W |quote=There is a computerised inventory of the Royal Collection which identifies assets held by the Queen as Sovereign and as a private individual.}}
44. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/force-the-royal-family-to-declare-gifts-say-mps-7259318.html|title=Force the Royal Family to declare gifts, say MPs|date=30 January 2007|accessdate=26 November 2016|newspaper=Evening Standard|location=London}}
45. ^¹Morton, p. 156.
46. ^McClure, pp. 209–210.
47. ^McClure, p. 20.
48. ^Paxman, p. 165.
49. ^{{Cite Hansard |jurisdiction=United Kingdom |house=House of Commons |title=Ethiopian Manuscripts|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1995/jul/19/ethiopian-manuscripts#S6CV0263P2_19950719_CWA_1348|date=19 July 1995 |volume=263 |column=1463W }}
50. ^{{Cite Hansard |jurisdiction=United Kingdom |house=House of Commons |title=Royal Finances |url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/westminster_hall/2002/jul/09/royal-finances#column_221wh |date=9 July 2002 |volume=388 |column=221WH }}
51. ^Lloyd, p. 12.
52. ^Cahill, p. 77.
53. ^Hardman, p. 43.
54. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/about/working-for-us#/|title=Working for us|publisher=Royal Collection Trust|accessdate=21 March 2016}}
55. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9295837/The-Royal-Collection-Not-only-for-Queen-but-also-for-country.html|work=The Telegraph|title=The Royal Collection: Not only for Queen, but also for country|date=28 May 2012|accessdate=21 March 2016}}
56. ^{{cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/02778486/filing-history|title=Full accounts made up to 31 March 2015|publisher=Companies House|accessdate=21 March 2016}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/sites/default/files/RCT-AnnualReport2006-07_0.pdf|title=Annual report 2006/7|publisher=Royal Collection Trust|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401110206/https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/sites/default/files/RCT-AnnualReport2006-07_0.pdf|archive-date=1 April 2016}}