“Royal cypher”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In modern heraldry, a royal cypher is a monogram-like device of a country's reigning sovereign, typically consisting of the initials of the monarch's name and title, sometimes interwoven and often surmounted by a crown.^[1] Where such a cypher is used by an emperor or empress, it is called an imperial cypher. In the system used by various Commonwealth realms, the title is abbreviated as R for rex or regina (Latin for king and queen). Previously, I stood for imperator or imperatrix (Latin words for emperor and empress) of India.^[2]^[3] The cypher is displayed on some government buildings, impressed upon royal and state documents, and is used by government departments.

Commonwealth realms

The use of a royal cypher in the Commonwealth realms originates in the United Kingdom, where the public use of the royal initials dates at least from the early Tudor period, and was simply the initial of the sovereign with, after Henry VIII's reign, the addition of the letter R for Rex or Regina. The letter I for Imperatrix was added to Queen Victoria's monogram after she became Empress of India in 1877. The initials{{snd}} which had no set pattern or form of lettering laid down{{snd}} were usually shown in company with the royal arms or crown as on the king's manors and palaces{{snd}} such as those of Henry VIII on the gatehouse of St James's Palace. The purpose seems to have been simply to identify an individual sovereign, as the royal coat of arms was often used by successive monarchs. The initials were used mostly on government papers, duty stamps and similar objects, and were sometimes surmounted by a stylised version of the Tudor Crown or, more recently, St Edward's Crown. In Scotland, the Crown of Scotland appears in place of the Imperial Crown.^[4]

Though royal symbols differ among the sixteen Commonwealth realms, as they are separate monarchies, the one sovereign uses the same cypher throughout all of his or her countries. Distinction continues to be made between the personal cypher and the simpler, more workaday public initials, the former being the sovereign's own monogram and the latter simply a means of identifying a reign. Nowadays, the initials are also called the royal cypher, but, to aid clarification, the monogram is referred to as the royal cypher interlaced and reversed.

The present Queen's cypher is E{{sc|II}}R, standing for Elizabeth II Regina. Cyphers for other members of the Royal Family are designed by the College of Arms or Court of the Lord Lyon and are subsequently approved by The Queen. These cyphers have been incorporated by the Canadian Heraldic Authority into the various royal standards of Canada. The use in Canada of the reigning monarch's cypher, which is sometimes uniquely surrounded by a garland of maple leaves, is as a symbol not only of the sovereign him or herself, but of Canada's full sovereignty as well.^[5]

Elsewhere

Other royal houses have also made use of royal or imperial cyphers. Ottoman sultans had a calligraphic signature, their tughra.

All the monarchs of Europe's six other surviving kingdoms use cyphers, with royal crowns above them.{{fact|date=May 2017}} King Harald V of Norway uses the letter H crossed with the Arabic numeral 5; King Carl XVI Gustav of Sweden uses the letters C and G overlapping with the Roman numeral XVI below them; King Felipe VI of Spain uses the letter F with the Roman numeral; and Queen Margrethe II of Denmark uses the letter M with the Arabic numeral 2 and the letter R (for Regina) below it. King Philippe of the Belgians uses the letters P and F intertwined, referring to the fact that his name is Philippe in French, but Filip in Dutch, the two main languages in Belgium. King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands and his Queen Maxima share a joint cypher consisting of the letter W entwined with the letter M.

King Vajiralongkorn of Thailand uses a cypher made up of his initials in Thai script ("ว.ป.ร." VPR{{snd}} Vajiralongkorn Parama Rajadhiraj, an equivalent of Vajirarongkorn Rex).

Gallery

See also

References

1. ^The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (Fifth edition; 2002), Volume 1, p. 1820.
2. ^{{cite web| url=http://fotw.flaggen-profi.de/flags/gb-nav.html| last=Morley| first=Vincent| title=United Kingdom: Royal Navy| publisher=Flags Of The World| accessdate=30 October 2009}}
3. ^{{Cite book| last=Boutell| first=Charles| authorlink=Charles Boutell|author2=Wheeler-Holohan, V. | title=Boutell's Manual of Heraldry| publisher=F. Warne and Co. Ltd.| year=1931| location=Detroit| page=244| url=https://books.google.com/?id=yDkfAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22royal+cypher%22+%7C+Imperial+cypher%22&q=cypher#search| accessdate=30 October 2009}}
4. ^{{Cite book| last=Boutell| first=Charles| authorlink=Charles Boutell|author2=Fox-Davies, A.C. | title=The Handbook to English Heraldry| publisher=Echo Library| date=21 July 2008| url=http://www.4crests.com/heraldrybook5.html| isbn=978-1-4068-2770-5}}
5. ^{{Citation| last=MacLeod| first=Kevin S.| authorlink=Kevin S. MacLeod| title=A Crown of Maples| place=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| year=2008| edition=1| page=61| url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/fr-rf/crnCdn/crn_mpls-eng.pdf| format=PDF| isbn=978-0-662-46012-1| ref=CITEREF_MacLeod_2008| accessdate=21 June 2009}}