| 词条 | Rubus ursinus |
| 释义 |
|image = Rubus ursinus 10689.JPG |regnum = Plantae |unranked_divisio = Angiosperms |unranked_classis = Eudicots |unranked_ordo = Rosids |ordo = Rosales |familia = Rosaceae |genus = Rubus |subgenus = Rubus |species = R. ursinus |binomial = Rubus ursinus |binomial_authority = Cham. & Schldl. 1827 not Torr. & Gray 1840 nor (Weeber ex Sudre & Sabr.) Podp. & Domin 1928[1] |synonyms =
|synonyms_ref = [1][2] }} Rubus ursinus is a North American species of blackberry or dewberry, known by the common names California blackberry, California dewberry, Douglas berry, Pacific blackberry, Pacific dewberry and trailing blackberry. The name is from rubus for "bramble" and ursinus for "bear." [3] DistributionThe plant is native to western North America, found in British Columbia (Canada); California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington (Western U.S.); and Baja California state (Mexico).[4][5] DescriptionRubus ursinus is a wide, mounding shrub or vine, growing to {{convert|2|-|5|ft|m}} high, and more than {{convert|6|ft|m}} wide.[6] The prickly branches can take root if they touch soil, thus enabling the plant to spread vegetatively and form larger clonal colonies. Leaves usually have 3 leaflets but sometimes 5 or only 1, and are deciduous. The plant is dioeocious, with male and female plants on separate plants, also unusual for the genus. As with other Rubus, the canes are typically vegetative the first year, and reproductive in the second. Flowers are white with narrower petals than most related species, and have a fragrance.[7] The sweet, very aromatic, edible fruits are dark purple, dark red, or black and up to 2 centimeters (0.8 inches) in length.[8] Subspecies and varietiesCurrent or recent subspecies and varieties include:
UsesDiverse wildlife eat the berries, including songbirds, deer, bear, and other large and small mammals.[6] It is of notable pollinator and nesting material value for native bee and bumble bee species.[6] This blackberry species is a larval food source for the western tiger swallowtail butterfly (Papilio rutulus), the mourning cloak butterfly (Nymphalis antiopa), the gray hairstreak butterfly (Strymon melinus), and the spring azure butterfly (Celastrina ladon).[13] Native Americans, such as the Kumeyaay, Maidu, Pomo and Salish peoples, used Rubus ursinus as a fresh and dried fruit source and as a traditional medicinal plant.[14] The Concow tribe calls this plant wân-kö-mil′-ē in the Konkow language.[15]CultivationRubus ursinus is cultivated for its fruit, and also ornamental plant qualities.[3][13] It is planted in home, native plant, and wildlife gardens, and in natural landscaping projects.[6][16] It can be espaliered or trained on fences and trellising.[3] When mature/established, the plant is effective in stabilizing creek banks and edges of bioswales.[13]To set large fruit, the plant needs consistent amounts of moisture.[16] Otherwise it is moderately drought tolerant when established. Seed size seems to be related to fruit "cell" size, and the smallest (1 cm) fully formed berries are most highly prized. These are sometimes called "little wild blackberries."
A cultivar of this species named the 'Aughinbaugh' blackberry was a parent of the loganberry. Rubus ursinus is also a second generation parent of the boysenberry and the marionberry, or 'Marion' blackberry.[3] 'Wild Treasure' has the fruit size and flavor of the wild species, but without prickles, and the berries are machine harvestable. It was released by the USDA-ARS in 2010, and is a hybrid between a selection of Rubus ursinus and 'Waldo' (another cultivar that is a second generation descendant of the marionberry that has no prickles). References1. ^1 The Plant List, Rubus ursinus 2. ^{{GRIN | accessdate = 22 December 2017}} 3. ^1 2 3 L.A. Weekly: "Rubus Ursinus, A Guide to the Elusive Pacific Blackberry"; published 15 March 2012; by Emily Green; accessed 9.9.2015. 4. ^Biota of North America Program 2014: Rubus ursinus by U.S. county distribution map 5. ^Calflora taxon report, University of California; Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schldl.; (California blackberry, Pacific blackberry) 6. ^1 2 3 Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Native Plant Information Network−NPIN: Rubus ursinus (California blackberry, California dewberry, Western blackberry) 7. ^Ecoplexity.org: Rubus ursinus; description + images. 8. ^Flora of North America, Rubus ursinus Chamisso & Schlechtendal, 1827. California or Pacific or creeping blackberry 9. ^USDA: Rubus ursinus subsp. macropetalus 10. ^USDA: Rubus ursinus subsp. ursinus 11. ^USDA: Rubus ursinus var. sirbenus 12. ^USDA: Rubus ursinus var. ursinus 13. ^1 2 Las Pilitas Horticulture Database: Rubus ursinus 14. ^University of Michigan at Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of Rubus ursinus 15. ^{{cite book|last1=Chesnut | first1 =Victor King |title=Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLkUAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=24 August 2012|year=1902|publisher=Government Printing Office|page = 408}} 16. ^1 CNPS−California Native Plant Society.org: Rubus ursinus (California Blackberry−Pacific Blackberry) External links
23 : Rubus|Berries|Flora of California|Flora of Baja California|Flora of British Columbia|Flora of the Northwestern United States|Flora of the Cascade Range|Flora of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Fruits originating in North America|Plants used in Native American cuisine|Plants used in traditional Native American medicine|Plants described in 1827|Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands|Natural history of the California Coast Ranges|Natural history of the Central Valley (California)|Natural history of the Channel Islands of California|Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges|Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area|Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains|Natural history of the Transverse Ranges|Bird food plants|Butterfly food plants|Garden plants of North America |
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