| 词条 | Ellsworth Bunker |
| 释义 |
| name = Ellsworth Bunker | image = Ellsworth Bunker.jpg | imagesize = | country5 = Argentina | ambassador_from5 = United States | predecessor5 = Stanton Griffis | successor5 = Albert F. Nufer | president5 = Harry S. Truman | term_start5 = March 13, 1951 | term_end5 = March 12, 1952 | country4 = Italy | ambassador_from4 = United States | predecessor4 = James Clement Dunn | successor4 = Clare Boothe Luce | president4 = Harry S. Truman Dwight D. Eisenhower | term_start4 = May 7, 1952 | term_end4 = April 3, 1953 | country3 = India | ambassador_from3 = United States | predecessor3 = John Sherman Cooper | successor3 = John Kenneth Galbraith | president3 = Dwight D. Eisenhower John F. Kennedy | term_start3 = November 28, 1956 | term_end3 = March 23, 1961 | country2 = the Organization of American States | ambassador_from2 = United States | predecessor2 = deLesseps Story Morrison | successor2 = Sol Linowitz | president2 = Lyndon B. Johnson | term_start2 = January 29, 1964 | term_end2 = November 7, 1966 | country1 = South Vietnam | ambassador_from1 = United States | term_start1 = April 5, 1967 | term_end1 = May 11, 1973 | predecessor1 = Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. | successor1 = Graham Martin | president1 = Lyndon Johnson Richard Nixon | birth_date = {{birth date|1894|05|11}} | birth_place = Yonkers, New York, U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|1984|09|27|1894|05|11}} | death_place = Brattleboro, Vermont, U.S. | nationality = | party = | spouse = {{Marriage|Harriet Allen Butler|1920|1964|end=died}} {{Marriage|Caroline Clendening "Carol" Laise|1967}} | relations = | children = | residence = | alma_mater = Yale University | occupation = | profession = Businessman, Diplomat | footnotes = | awards = Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction (twice) }} Ellsworth F. Bunker (May 11, 1894[1] – September 27, 1984[2]) was an American businessman and diplomat (including being the ambassador to Argentina, Italy, India, Nepal and South Vietnam). He is perhaps best known for being a hawk on the war in Vietnam and Southeast Asia during the 1960s and 1970s. As of 2018, Bunker is one of two people to receive the Presidential Medal of Freedom twice. BiographyBorn the eldest of three children of Jeanie Polhemus (née Cobb), whose family descended from early Dutch settlers including the Evertson family and the Schuyler family, and George Raymond Bunker in Yonkers, New York.[1][3][4] His father was one of the founders and chairman of the board of National Sugar Refining Company. His younger brother, Arthur Hugh Bunker (July 29, 1895 – May 19, 1964), was also a noted businessman, chairman of the executive committee of the War Production Board (1941–1945) during World War II, and president and then board chairman of American Metal Climax (AMAX).[3][5] Ellsworth Bunker studied to be a lawyer, and graduated from Yale University with the class of 1916.[1] During World War II he served as chairman of the War Production Board's cane sugar advisory committee.[6] Bunker first worked in his father's company, National Sugar Refining Company,[1] eventually becoming the company's president, succeeding Horace Havemeyer Sr., in 1942. He retired as an active executive in 1951 and purchased a 600-acre dairy farm in Putney, Vermont.[7] He remained a member of the board of National Sugar until 1966.[8] He then moved to government during the Harry S. Truman administration, when Truman appointed him ambassador to Argentina in April 1951.[9] Next he was ambassador to Italy in February 1952.[10] From November 1953 until November 1956 he was president of the American Red Cross.[11][12] In November 1956 he was appointed ambassador to India and Nepal by Dwight D. Eisenhower,[13][14][15] and sworn in December 1956,[16] where he played a crucial role in the covert alliance between the two powers against China. He was replaced by John Kenneth Galbraith in 1961. During 1962 he acted as U.S. mediator in the New York Agreement over Western New Guinea. After a period back in Washington, D.C., he was made U.S. Ambassador to the Organization of American States, 1964–1966. President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed him U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam, 1967–1973.[17] Once in Saigon, he strongly supported the war efforts of Presidents Johnson and Richard Nixon, and applauded US incursions into Laos and Cambodia.[18] Following the conclusion of the Vietnam War, Bunker headed the US team involved in the drawing up of the 1977 Torrijos-Carter Treaties. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction twice—the first time by John F. Kennedy in 1963 (though the ceremony took place during Lyndon B Johnson's term) and the second time by Lyndon B. Johnson in 1967. He is one of only two persons (the other being Colin Powell) who received the award twice, and the only person to receive it both times with distinction. Family lifeHe married a neighbor, Harriet Allen Butler, daughter of Ellen Mudge and George Prentiss Butler, in Yonkers, New York on April 24, 1920.[19] Harriet had made friends with Bunkers' sister Katherine when the two girls attended Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut.[20] They had three children, John Birkbeck, Samuel Emmet, and Ellen Mudge.[21] She died in 1964.[22] On January 3, 1967 he married fellow ambassador Caroline Clendening "Carol" Laise in Katmandu, Nepal.[23][24] She died in 1991. Ambassador Laise was a friend of the first Mrs. Bunker.[25] Bunker died on his dairy farm in Putney, Vermont.[26] The funeral was attended by his good friend and neighbor former senator George Aiken and former president Richard M. Nixon, Aiken died two months later.[27] His middle child, John Birkbeck Bunker (March 8, 1926 – May 26, 2005), a first lieutenant in World War II, died of cancer at his home in Wheatland, Wyoming at age 79.[28][29][30] Cultural references
References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |last=Nolan |first=Cathal J. |title=Notable U.S. Ambassadors Since 1775: A Biographical Dictionary |year=1997 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-29195-1 |pages=48 }} 2. ^{{cite news |date=October 4, 1984 |title=Ellsworth Bunker Is Buried Near His Home in Vermont |newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9504EEDD123BF931A35753C1A962948260 |accessdate=2007-05-29 }} 3. ^1 {{cite book |last=Roberts | first= Harry Jr.; and Nelson Sutro Greensfelder |title=The Explosives Engineer: Volumes 27-29 |year=1949 |publisher=Hercules Powder Co. |page=4 }} 4. ^{{cite book |author=Institute for Research in Biography |title=Who's Who in Commerce and Industry, Volume 10|year=1957 |publisher=Marquis Who's Who |location=New York, N.Y. |pages=167 }} 5. ^{{cite news |title=Arthur H. Bunker Dead at 68 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 20, 1964 }} 6. ^{{cite news|title=WPB Official Testifies Sugar Imports Are Cut 50 Per Cent|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=March 24, 1942}} 7. ^{{cite news|last=|title=Determined Diplomat|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 1, 1962}} 8. ^{{cite book|last=International Publications Service|title=International Who's Who, 1983-84: Volume 47|year=1983|publisher=Europa Publications|isbn=978-0-905118-86-4|pages=192}} 9. ^{{cite news|title=Ambassador Bunker Sails|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 6, 1951}} 10. ^{{cite news|title=Two Ambassadors Named By Truman|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 22, 1952}} 11. ^{{cite news|title=New President Is Named By American Red Cross|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 17, 1953}} 12. ^{{cite news|title=Gruenther Named Head Of Red Cross|newspaper=Eugene Register-Guard|date=November 13, 1956}} 13. ^{{cite web |title=U.S.Ambassadors to India - U.S. Embassy New Delhi, India |url=http://newdelhi.usembassy.gov/ambassadorlist.html |accessdate=2007-05-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528035111/http://newdelhi.usembassy.gov/ambassadorlist.html |archivedate=2007-05-28 |df= }} 14. ^{{cite news|title=Nehru Backs Links to Commonwealth|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 8, 1956}} 15. ^{{cite news|title=A New Envoy to India|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 17, 1956}} 16. ^{{cite news|title=A New Ambassador|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=December 8, 1956}} 17. ^{{cite web |title=Transcript, Ellsworth Bunker Oral History Interview I, 12/9/80 |date=December 9, 1980 |last=Gillette |first=Michael L. |publisher=LBJ Library |url=http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/Johnson/archives.hom/oralhistory.hom/BUNKER-E/bunker1.pdf |format=pdf |accessdate=2007-05-29 }} 18. ^{{cite book |last=Sorley |first=Lewis |title=A Better War: The Unexamined Victories and Final Tragedy of America's Last Years in Vietnam |publisher=Harcourt |year=1999 |pages=265–266 |isbn=978-0-15-100266-5 }} 19. ^{{cite news |title=Marriage Announcement: Bunker-Butler |date=April 26, 1920|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/04/26/98586050.pdf|format=PDF |newspaper=The New York Times |accessdate=2008-07-03 }} 20. ^{{cite book |last=Schaffer |first=Howard B.|title=Ellsworth Bunker: Global Troubleshooter, Vietnam Hawk |year=2003 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-2825-0 |pages=16}} 21. ^Schaffer. p.16. 22. ^{{cite news |title=New Envoy to Saigon; Ellsworth Bunker |date=March 16, 1967 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/03/16/archives/new-envoy-to-saigon-ellsworth-bunker.html |format=fee |work=The New York Times |accessdate=2008-07-03}} 23. ^{{cite news|agency=Associated Press |title=In Brief|newspaper=Lewiston Evening Journal|date=January 4, 1967}} 24. ^{{cite news |title=U.S. Ambassadors Wed in Nepal; Carol C. Laise, Envoy in Katmandu, and Bunker Married: Two U.S. Envoys Are Wed In Nepal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/01/04/archives/us-ambassadors-wed-in-nepal-carol-claiseenvoy-in-katmandu-and.html?sq=ellsworth%2520bunker%2520%28wed%2520OR%2520wife%2520OR%2520marry%2520OR%2520married%2520OR%2520marriage%29&scp=1&st=cse |format=fee |publisher=Reuters |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 4, 1967 |accessdate=2008-07-02 }} 25. ^{{cite news |first=Joan |last=Cook |date=July 26, 1991 |title=Carol Laise, 73, Ex-Ambassador and High State Dept. Aide, Dies |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CEED81739F935A15754C0A967958260 |newspaper=The New York Times |accessdate=2008-07-03 }} 26. ^{{cite news|title=Ellsworth Bunker, Longtime Diplomat|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=September 28, 1984}} 27. ^{{cite news|publisher=United Press International|title=George Aiken, Former Senator Dies|newspaper=Record-Journal|date=November 20, 1984}} 28. ^{{citation |title=Obituaries |newspaper=Brattleboro Reformer |date=June 4, 2005 }} 29. ^{{citation |title=Death Notice |newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer |date=June 5, 2005 }} 30. ^{{citation |author=Culver, Virginia |date=June 7, 2005 |title=A Colorado Life: Sugar exec let others get in on his sweet life |newspaper=The Denver Post |page=C-13 }} 31. ^{{cite news |date=December 17, 1971 |title=Books: On Jessore Road by Allen Ginsberg |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/01/04/08/specials/ginsberg-jessore.html |accessdate=2017-04-30}} External links
|title = United States Ambassador to Argentina |before = Stanton Griffis |after = Albert F. Nufer |years = 1951 – 1952 }}{{Succession box|title=U. S. Ambassador to Italy|before=James Clement Dunn|after=Clare Boothe Luce|years=1952–1953}}{{Succession box|title=U.S. Ambassador to India|before=John Sherman Cooper|after=John Kenneth Galbraith|years=1956–1961}}{{Succession box|title=U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam|before=Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.|after=Graham Martin|years=1967–1973}}{{S-ach}}{{Succession box |before = Dean Rusk |title = Sylvanus Thayer Award recipient |years = 1970 |after = Neil Armstrong}}{{S-end}}{{US Ambassadors to Argentina}}{{US Ambassador to India}}{{US Ambassadors to Italy}}{{US Ambassadors to Vietnam}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Bunker, Ellsworth}} 10 : 1894 births|1984 deaths|American people of the Vietnam War|Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients|Ambassadors of the United States to South Vietnam|Permanent Representatives of the United States to the Organization of American States|Ambassadors of the United States to India|American people of Dutch descent|Schuyler family|Woodhull family |
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