| 词条 | Rufous-necked hornbill |
| 释义 |
| name = Rufous-necked hornbill | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | image = Rufous-necked Hornbill Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary West Bengal India 06.12.2015.jpg | image_caption = An adult male (♂) from Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary in West Bengal, India. | image2 = Rufous-necked Hornbill Female Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary West Bengal India 06.11.2015.jpg | image2_caption = An adult female (♀) from Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary in West Bengal, India. | genus = Aceros | parent_authority = Hodgson, 1829 | species = nipalensis | authority = (Hodgson, 1829)[2] }} The rufous-necked hornbill (Aceros nipalensis) is a species of hornbill in the northeastern India, especially in Arunachal Pradesh, Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Numbers have declined significantly due to habitat loss and hunting, and it has been entirely extirpated from Nepal.[1] It is estimated that there are now less than 10,000 adults remaining.[3] With a length of about {{convert|117|cm|in}},[3] it is among the largest Bucerotine hornbills. The underparts, neck and head are rich rufous in the male, but black in the female. DescriptionThe head, neck, and lower body of the male are coloured rufous, with deeper colouration on the flanks and abdomen. The middle primaries and the lower half of the tail are tipped white. The rest of the hornbill's plumage is a glossy dark-green and black. The lower tail-covert feathers are coloured chestnut mixed with black.[4] The female, on the other hand, is black, except for the end-portion of her tail and the tips of the middle primaries, which are white. Juvenile hornbills resemble adults of the same sex, but lack the ridges at the base of the upper beak.[4] The beak lacks a true caique but is thickened at its base. It has a number of dark ridges on the upper beak which are absent in the young and increase in number with age up to about seven. The commissure of the beaks is broken for both sexes.[4] DistributionOf all hornbills, this species has the northern-most extent, ranging from north-eastern India to western Thailand and north-western Vietnam.[5] In India, the hornbill has been recorded from the following protected areas:[6]
The western limit of the rufous-necked hornbill is the Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary in West Bengal.[6] Kinnaird and O'Brien (2007) have tabulated data for the hornbills of the world and report that rufous-necked hornbills range over {{convert|1,163,811|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} of area, of which {{convert|825,837|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} of area are forested. Within this area, rufous-necked hornbills occur in 90 protected areas comprising {{convert|54,955|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} of protected forest but only including 7% of optimal hornbill habitat.[5]{{rp|238}} EcologyWhile predominantly a bird of ridged and hilly forests, chiefly broadleaved forests at altitudes of {{convert|150|–|2200|m|ft}},[1] it has also been recorded in dry woodland.[3] The nesting period is from March to June, the trees preferred are tall and have broad girths. There is evidence to suggest the rufous-necked hornbill communities move seasonally between one forested area to another to avail of the differing abundance of fruiting trees due to local conditions.[3] Describing the egg, Hume (1889) states:[8] The egg is a broad oval, compressed somewhat towards one end, so as to be slightly pyriform. The shell is strong and thick, but coarse and entirely glossless, everywhere pitted with minute pores. In colour it is a very dirty white, with a pale dirty yellowish tinge, and everywhere obscurely stippled, when closely examined, with minute purer white specks, owing to the dirt not having got down into the bottoms of the pores. CultureThe rufous-necked hornbill occurs in Sanskrit literature under the epithet vārdhrīnasa, a term which at times also has been used to refer to other Bucerotidae.[9] In Arunachal Pradesh, rufous-necked hornbills have been hunted by tribals for their feathers and beak. ConservationAlready listed in CITES Appendices I & II, the species is vulnerable but occurs in a number of protected areas in India, China, Thailand and Bhutan.[3] Due to increased information coming in about range and extent, it has been suggested that the rufous-necked hornbill be downgraded from IUCN status "Vulnerable" to "Near Threatened".[5]{{rp|234}} Recent initiatives by the Wildlife Trust of India, Arunachal Pradesh Forest Department and other citizens to conserve hornbills, which also target the rufous-necked hornbill, are the Hornbill Nest Adoption Programme, and a programme for replacing the use of real beaks with fibre-made replicas.[7][10] . ==References== 1. ^1 2 {{IUCN|id=22682510 |title=Aceros nipalensis |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}} 2. ^{{cite journal|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43120841|title=On a new species of Buceros| author=Hodgson, B.H.|year=1833|pages=178–186| journal=Asiatic Researches|volume=18}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 BirdLife Species Factsheet 4. ^1 2 {{cite book |title=The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. |last1=Blanford |first1=William Thomas |authorlink1=William Thomas Blanford |last2=Oates |first2=Eugene William |authorlink2=Eugene William Oates |year=1889–98 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |location=London |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.8366 |pages=149–150 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9163588 |accessdate=4 April 2012}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Kinnaird|first1=M.|last2=O'Brien|first2=Timothy G.|title=The ecology & conservation of Asian hornbills: farmers of the forest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUmH6d0xWWUC|accessdate=4 April 2012|year=2007|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-43712-5|page=16}} 6. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Ghose |first1=Dipankar |last2=Lobo |first2=Peter |last3=Ghose |first3=Nabanita |year=2006 |title=A record of the Rufous-necked Hornbill Aceros nipalensis from West Bengal, India |journal=Indian Birds |publisher= |volume=2 |issue=2 (Mar-Apr 2006) |pages=37–38 |url=http://www.indianbirds.in/pdfs/A%20record%20of%20the%20Rufous-necked%20Hornbill%20Aceros%20nipalensis.pdf |doi= |accessdate=4 April 2012 }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 7. ^1 {{cite web|author=PTI |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/artificial-beaks-save-hornbills-from-extinction-in-arunachal-205740.html |title=Artificial beaks save hornbills from extinction in Arunachal |publisher=Firstpost |date=2012-02-07 |accessdate=2012-04-04}} 8. ^{{cite book |title=The nests and eggs of Indian birds, volume III |last1=Hume |first1=Allan Octavian |authorlink=Allan Octavian Hume |editor-last=Oates|editor-first=Eugene William |year=1889–1890|edition=2nd |publisher=R. H. Porter |location=London |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.17497 |pages=77–79 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16925572 |accessdate=4 April 2012}} 9. ^{{cite book|last=Dave|first=K. N.|title=Birds in Sanskrit literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HgX8B4FQHEC|accessdate=4 April 2012|date=1 June 2005|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=510|isbn=978-81-208-1842-2}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://wildlifetrustofindia.org/news-archives/2004/05/07/this-beak-does-not-bite/ |title=This beak does not bite |author=WTI staff |date=7 May 2004 |work=Wildlife Trust of India - News |publisher=Wildlife Trust of India |accessdate=14 April 2012}} External links
6 : Aceros|Birds of Bhutan|Birds of Northeast India|Birds of Laos|Birds of Myanmar|Birds described in 1829 |
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