| 词条 | Russell Targ |
| 释义 |
| name = Russell Targ | image = Russell Targ, physicist.jpg | alt = | caption = Russell Targ | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1934|04|11}} | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = American | other_names = | occupation = physicist, parapsychologist and author | known_for = Remote viewing }}Russell Targ (born April 11, 1934) is an American physicist, parapsychologist and author who is best known for his work on remote viewing.[1] Targ originally became known for early work in lasers and laser applications. He joined Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in 1972 where he and Harold Puthoff coined the term "remote viewing" for the practice of seeking impressions about a distant or unseen target using parapsychological means. Targ's work on remote viewing has been characterized as pseudoscience[2][3] and has also been criticized for lack of rigor.{{sfn|Hines|2003|pp= [https://books.google.com/books?id=JOpq1LOGrr0C&pg=PA135 135-6]}}[4] Early life, education and careerTarg was born in Chicago.[1] He is the son of William Targ, an American book editor who was well known and respected in the field of commercial publishing.[5][6] According to Martin Gardner, Targ was introduced to the paranormal by his father whose Chicago bookstore carried a variety of paranormal works and whose later published works at Putnam included a biography of Helena Blavatsky, founder of the Theosophical Society, and Erich von Däniken's Chariots of the Gods.[7] Targ received a B.S. in physics from Queens College in 1954. From 1954 to 1956, he completed two years of graduate work in physics at Columbia University without taking a degree.[1][8][9] Russell Targ was involved in early laser research at Technical Research Group where he co-authored, with Gordon Gould among others, a 1962 paper describing the use of homodyne detection with laser light.{{sfn|Rabinowitz et al.|1962}} Later, at Sylvania Electronic Systems, he contributed to the development of frequency modulation and mode-locking of lasers,[10][11][12]{{sfn|Caddes, Osternink & Targ|1968}}{{sfn|Harris & Targ|1964}}{{sfn|Massey, Oshman & Targ|1965}} and co-authored a 1969 paper which described the operation of a kilowatt continuous wave laser.[13]{{sfn|Tiffany, Targ & Foster|1969}} In 1972, Targ joined the Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory at SRI as a senior research physicist in a program founded by Harold E. Puthoff.{{sfn|Kaiser|2011|pages=69–71}} The two conducted research into psychic abilities and their operational use for the U.S. intelligence community, including NASA, the CIA, Defense Intelligence Agency and Army Intelligence.[1][14] Targ worked at SRI until 1982.[18] From 1986 to 1998 Targ worked in electro-optics as a senior staff scientist at the Lockheed Missiles and Space Company,[15] where he contributed to aviation windshear sensing applications of Doppler heterodyne lidar technology.[16]{{sfn|Targ et al.|1991}}{{sfn|Targ et al.|1996}} Parapsychology researchRemote viewing{{main|Remote viewing}}Remote viewing (or RV) is the practice of seeking impressions about a distant or unseen target using subjective means, in particular, extra-sensory perception (ESP) or "sensing with mind".[2] Typically a remote viewer is expected to give information about an object, event, person or location that is hidden from physical view and separated at some distance.[17][18] The term was coined in the 1970s by Targ and Puthoff, while working as researchers at SRI, to differentiate it from clairvoyance.[19][20] In 1972 Puthoff and Targ tested remote viewer Ingo Swann at SRI, and the experiment led to a visit from two employees of the CIA's Directorate of Science and Technology.[21]{{Primary source inline|date=May 2014}} The result was a $50,000 CIA-sponsored project known as the Stargate Project.[21]{{Primary source inline|date=May 2014}} The SRI team published papers in Nature{{sfn|Targ & Puthoff|1974}} and Proceedings of the IEEE.{{sfn|Puthoff & Targ|1976}} They also presented their work in a symposium on consciousness at a national meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.[22] A number of scientific reviews of the SRI (and later) experiments on remote viewing found no credible evidence that remote viewing works, and the topic of remote viewing is regarded as pseudoscience.[2][23]{{sfn|Marks & Kammann|1980|loc= 2000 ed. {{ISBN|1573927988}}}}[24] ReceptionThe psychologists David Marks and Richard Kammann attempted to replicate Targ and Puthoff's remote viewing experiments and disputed the claims that the experiments were successful; for example, they were able to successfully identify targets from cues given by the investigators and recorded in the transcripts. They concluded: "Until remote viewing can be confirmed in conditions which prevent sensory cueing the conclusions of Targ and Puthoff remain an unsubstantiated hypothesis."[25] The researchers said that Targ and Puthoff had not provided unpublished transcripts when requested, but that after obtaining them from a judge in the study they were able to find "a wealth of cues".[26] Simon Hoggart and Mike Hutchinson described Targ as willing to believe and overly credulous.[27] A 1988 report by the United States National Research Council (NRC) concluded: "There should remain little doubt that the Targ–Puthoff studies are fatally flawed."[28]Remote viewing was popularized in the 1990s upon the declassification of certain documents related to the Stargate Project, a US$20 million research program that had started in 1975 and was sponsored by the U.S. government, in an attempt to determine any potential military application of psychic phenomena. The program was terminated in 1995 after it failed to produce any useful intelligence information. David Goslin, of the American Institutes for Research said: "There's no documented evidence it had any value to the intelligence community."[36] A variety of scientific studies of remote viewing have been conducted. Some earlier, less sophisticated experiments produced positive results, but they had invalidating flaws.{{sfn|Marks & Kammann|1980|loc= 2000 ed. {{ISBN|1573927988}}}} None of the more recent experiments have shown positive results when conducted under properly controlled conditions.[19][36][29] This lack of successful experiments has led the mainstream scientific community to reject remote viewing, based upon the absence of an evidence base, the lack of a theory which would explain remote viewing, and the lack of experimental techniques which can provide reliably positive results.[24] Science writers including Gary Bennett, Martin Gardner, Michael Shermer, and professor of neurology Terence Hines describe the topic of remote viewing as pseudoscience.[3]{{sfn|Hines|2003|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=JOpq1LOGrr0C&pg=PA136 136]}}[30][31] According to Martin Gardner, Targ and Puthoff "imagined they could do research in parapsychology but instead dealt with 'psychics' who were cleverer than they were".[32] Further work on parapsychologyThe SRI remote viewing project also encompassed the work of such consulting "consciousness researchers" as the artist/writer Ingo Swann and Military Intelligence Corps chief warrant officer Joseph McMoneagle.[26][33][34] Targ and Puthoff both expressed the belief that Uri Geller, retired police commissioner Pat Price and artist Ingo Swann all had genuine psychic abilities;{{sfn|Targ & Puthoff|1977}} however, flaws were found with the controls in the experiments and Geller was caught using sleight of hand on many other occasions.[35] The SRI tests gave Geller substantial control over the procedures used to test him, with few limits on his behavior during the test.{{sfn|Hines|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JOpq1LOGrr0C&pg=PA126 126]}} In 1982, Targ with Keith Harary and Anthony White formed a company, Delphi Associates, to sell psychic consulting services to individuals and businesses.[36][37] In the book Mind Race,{{sfn|Targ & Harary|1984}} Targ and Harary claimed that all nine silver futures predictions made at Delphi in 1982 were correct; however, a later attempt failed.[38] According to Henry Gordon, "As with most psychic claims, there is little documentation to back them up."[39] Ray Hyman has written "Targ and Harary's much-publicized case for the reality of psi and the validity of remote viewing is filled with exaggerated and unsupported conclusions. Their careless scholarship leads to new deceptions."[37] Personal lifeRussell was married to Joan Fischer Targ, who died in 1998.[40] Russell and Joan had a daughter, Elisabeth Targ, who was a psychiatrist and parapsychologist[7][41][42] and two sons Alexander and Nicholas.[40] In 2003 Targ married artist Patricia Kathleen Phillips.{{sfn|Targ|2010}} Joan Fischer Targ was the sister of World Chess Champion Bobby Fischer.[40] In 2004 Targ assisted Fischer, who had been a fugitive in the United States since violating a trade embargo with his 1992 victory over Boris Spassky.[43] While Fischer was detained in Japan with extradition pending, Targ worked to support a claim of German citizenship for Fischer.[44] Targ, who is legally blind, is an avid motorcyclist and has published a memoir on his experiences as a "blind biker".{{sfn|Targ|2010}} PublicationsBooks authored
Books co-authored
Journal articlesOn remote viewing
On lasers and electro-optics
References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |chapter-url= http://www.answers.com/topic/russell-targ |title= Gale Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology |chapter= Russell Targ |via= answers.com |publisher= Gale |accessdate= 2014-04-15 |last= |first=}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite book |last= Hines |first= Terence |authorlink= Terence Hines |title= Pseudoscience and the Paranormal |date= 2003 |publisher= Prometheus |isbn= 9781615920853 |pages= 133–6 |ref= {{SfnRef|Hines|2003}}}} 3. ^1 {{cite book |last= Gardner |first= Martin |authorlink= Martin Gardner |title= Did Adam and Eve Have Navels?: Debunking Pseudoscience |publisher= W. W. Norton & Company |isbn= 978-0393322385 |pages= 60–7 |year= 2001 |ref={{SfnRef|Gardner|2001}}}} 4. ^{{cite book |last= Gilovich |first= Thomas |authorlink= Thomas Gilovich |year=1993 |title= How We Know What Isn't So: Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life |publisher= Free Press |pages= 166–73 |isbn= 9780029117064}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/25/nyregion/william-targ-godfather-editor-dies-at-92.html |title=William Targ, 'Godfather' editor, dies at 92 |newspaper= New York Times |date= 1999-07-25}} 6. ^{{cite web |url= http://blog.loa.org/2011/08/peter-israel-on-how-godfather-came-to.html |title= Peter Israel on how The Godfather came to Putnam |publisher= Library of America |first= Peter |last= Israel |website= Reader's Almanac |type= blog |date= 2011-08-10}} 7. ^1 {{cite news |url= http://www.csicop.org/si/show/notes_of_a_fringe-watcher_distant_healing_and_elisabeth_targ |title= Notes of a fringe-watcher: Distant healing and Elisabeth Targ |last= Gardner |first= Martin |authorlink= Martin Gardner |magazine= Skeptical Inquirer |date=March–April 2001 |volume= 25 |issue= 2 |accessdate= 2011-01-07 }} 8. ^{{cite book |title= How the Hippies Saved Physics: Science, Counterculture, and the Quantum Revival |first1= David |last1= Kaiser |year= 2011 |publisher= W.W. Norton & Company |page= 70|isbn=9780393076363|ref={{SfnRef|Kaiser|2011}}}} 9. ^{{cite news |last= Dewar |first= Elaine |date= 30 July 1977 |title= In search of the mind's eye: In the weird world of ESP, seeing is not believing |magazine= Winnipeg Free Press Magazine |pages= 8–12}} 10. ^{{cite journal |last1= Harris |first1= S. |last2= McDuff |first2= O. |title= Theory of FM laser oscillation |journal= IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics |volume= 1 |issue= 6 |date= September 1965 |pages= 245–62 |doi= 10.1109/JQE.1965.1072231 |url= http://www.stanford.edu/~seharris/PublicationsLinksPDFs/1960/18.pdf |via= stanford.edu|bibcode= 1965IJQE....1..245H }} 11. ^{{cite journal |last1= Harris |first1= S.E. |title= Stabilization and modulation of laser oscillators by internal time-varying perturbation |journal= Proceedings of the IEEE |volume= 54 |issue= 10 |date= October 1966 |pages= 1401–13 |doi= 10.1109/PROC.1966.5126 |url= http://www.stanford.edu/~seharris/PublicationsLinksPDFs/1960/22.pdf |via= stanford.edu}} 12. ^{{cite journal |last= Smith |first= P.W. |date= September 1970 |title= Mode-locking of lasers |journal= Proceedings of the IEEE |volume= 58 |issue= 9 |pages= 1342–55 |url= http://www.optics.rochester.edu/workgroups/opt256/Mode001.pdf |via= optics.rochester.edu |doi=10.1109/proc.1970.7926}} 13. ^{{cite book|last=Willett|first=Colin S.|title=Introduction To Gas Lasers: Population Inversion Mechanisms: With Emphasis on Selective Excitation Processes|year=1974|publisher=Pergamon Press |series= International Series of Monographs in Natural Philosophy|volume=67|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VfJRAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3A9o93V2zyU1gC&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Targ 5]|isbn=9780080178035|oclc=790410}} 14. ^{{cite book |last= Kripal |first= Jeffrey J. |title= Authors of the Impossible: The Paranormal and the Sacred |page= [https://books.google.com/books?id=4M1iEES6M3QC&pg=PA176 176] |publisher= University of Chicago Press |year= 2010 |isbn= 9780226453866 |ref= {{SfnRef|Kripal|2010}}}} 15. ^{{cite book |last1= Marks |first1= David |last2= Kammann |first2= Richard |authorlink1= David Marks (psychologist) |year= 1980 |title= The Psychology of the Psychic |publisher= Prometheus |isbn= 9781573927987 |edition= 2nd |page= 67 |ref= {{SfnRef|Marks & Kammann|1980}}|title-link= The Psychology of the Psychic }} 16. ^{{cite journal |last1= Frehlich |first1= R. |title= Estimation of velocity error for Doppler lidar measurements |journal= Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology |volume= 18 |issue= 10 |date= October 2001 |pages= 1628–39 |doi= 10.1175/1520-0426(2001)018<1628:EOVEFD>2.0.CO;2 |url= ftp://ftp.rap.ucar.edu/pub/rgf/velerr.pdf |via= ucar.edu|bibcode= 2001JAtOT..18.1628F }} 17. ^{{cite book |title= Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking |first1= Leonard |last1= Zusne |first2= Warren H. |last2= Jones |year= 1989 |publisher= Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |page= [https://books.google.com/books?id=b39Udl6qY30C&pg=PA167 167] |isbn= 978-0805805086}} 18. ^{{cite book |title= Search for the Soul |first= Christopher |last= Milbourne |authorlink= Milbourne Christopher |publisher= Crowell |year= 1979 |isbn= 9780690017601}} 19. ^1 {{cite news |title= Remotely viewed? The Charlie Jordan case |authorlink= Joe Nickell |first= Joe |last= Nickell |date= March 2001 |magazine= Skeptical Inquirer |volume= 11 |issue= 1 |url= http://www.csicop.org/sb/show/remotely_viewed_the_charlie_jordan_case/}} 20. ^{{cite web |title= Dr. Harold Puthoff |url= http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/dr-harold-puthoff |year= 2008 |website= arlingtoninstitute.org |publisher= The Arlington Institute |accessdate= |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130303110437/http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/dr-harold-puthoff |archivedate= 2013-03-03 |df= }} 21. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Puthoff|first=Harold|journal=Journal of Scientific Exploration|date=1996|volume=10|issue=1|pages=63–76|title=CIA-initiated remote viewing program at Stanford Research Institute|url=http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_10_1_puthoff.pdf|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531182331/http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_10_1_puthoff.pdf|archivedate=2014-05-31|df=}} 22. ^{{cite conference |last1= Puthoff |first1= Harold E. |last2= Targ |first2= Russell |last3= May |first3= Edwin C. |title= Experimental psi research: Implications for physics |series= AAAS Selected Symposia |volume= 57 |conference= 145th National Meeting American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): Session: The role of consciousness in the physical world |booktitle= The Role of Consciousness in the Physical World |isbn= 9780891589556 |publisher= Westview Press |editor-last= Jahn |editor-first= Robert G. |location= Houston, TX |date= 3–8 January 1979 |url= http://www.remoteviewed.com/biblo/papers/sri/Experimental%20PSI%20Research-Implications%20For%20Physics.pdf |via= remoteviewed.com |authorlink1= Harold E. Puthoff |editorlink= Robert G. Jahn}} 23. ^{{cite book |first= James |last= Alcock |authorlink= James Alcock |year= 1981 |title= Parapsychology-Science Or Magic?: A Psychological Perspective |publisher= Pergamon Press |pages= 164–79 |isbn= 9780080257730}} 24. ^1 {{cite journal | journal = Journal of Parapsychology | url = http://www.richardwiseman.com/resources/SAICcrit.pdf | title = Experiment one of the SAIC remote viewing program: A critical reevaluation | last1 = Wiseman |first1= R. |last2= Milton |first2= J. |authorlink1= Richard Wiseman | pages = 297–308 | issue = 4 | volume = 62 | year = 1999 | accessdate = 2008-06-26 |via= richardwiseman.com}} 25. ^{{cite book |first=Charles Edward Mark |last= Hansel |authorlink=C. E. M. Hansel |year= 1980 |title= ESP and Parapsychology: A Critical Reevaluation |publisher= Prometheus |page=293 |isbn= 9780879751197 |series=Science and the Paranormal}} 26. ^1 {{cite journal |last1= Marks |first1= D. |last2= Scott |first2= C. |authorlink1= David Marks (psychologist) |date= 6 February 1986 |title= Remote viewing exposed |journal= Nature |volume= 319 |issue= 6053 |page= 444 |department= Correspondence |doi= 10.1038/319444a0 |pmid= 3945330|bibcode= 1986Natur.319..444M }} 27. ^{{cite book |first1=Simon |last1= Hoggart |first2= Mike |last2= Hutchinson |authorlink1= Simon Hoggart |year= 1995 |title= Bizarre Beliefs |publisher= Richard Cohen Books |page= [https://books.google.com/books?ei=UYhRU4TwE4GsyASgx4KYCQ&id=HCvXAAAAMAAJ&dq=isbn%3A9781573921565&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=sorry+study 151] |isbn= 9781573921565}} 28. ^{{cite book |last1= Alcock |first1= James E. |last2= Committee on Techniques for the Enhancement of Human Performance: Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences Education: National Research Council (NRC) |authorlink= James Alcock |title= Enhancing Human Performance: Issues, Theories, and Techniques, Background Papers (Complete Set) |url=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=778 |publisher= National Academies Press |chapter= Part VI. Parapsychological Techniques |chapterurl= http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=778&page=601 |year= 1988 |location= Washington, DC |page= 57 [659] |ref= {{SfnRef|Alcock|1988}}}} 29. ^{{cite web |title= Remote Viewing |publisher= UK's Ministry of Defence |page= 94 (page 50 in second pdf) |date=June 2002|others= disclosed on 2007-02-23 |url= http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FreedomOfInformation/DisclosureLog/SearchDisclosureLog/RemoteViewing.htm |archive-url= http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121026065214/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FreedomOfInformation/DisclosureLog/SearchDisclosureLog/RemoteViewing.htm |dead-url= yes |archive-date= 2012-10-26 }} 30. ^{{cite book | url = http://pdf.aiaa.org/preview/1994/PV1994_4003.pdf | title = Heretical science – Beyond the boundaries of pathological science | work = IN:Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 29th, Monterey, CA, Aug 7–11, 1994, Technical Papers. Pt. 3 (A94-31838 10–44) | last = Bennett | first = Gary L. | publisher = American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics | location = Washington, DC | year = 1994 | pages = 1207–12 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111213192032/http://pdf.aiaa.org/preview/1994/PV1994_4003.pdf | archivedate = 2011-12-13 | df = }} 31. ^{{cite book |last= Shermer |first= Michael |authorlink= Michael Shermer |chapter= Science and Pseudoscience |editor1-last= Pigliucci |editor1-first= Massimo |editorlink1= Massimo Pigliucci |editor2-last= Boudry |editor2-first= Maarten |editorlink2= Maarten Boudry |year= 2013 |title= Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem |publisher= University Of Chicago Press |page= 206 |isbn= 9780226051963}} 32. ^{{cite journal |last1=Ward |first1=Ray |title=The Martin Gardner Correspondence with Marcello Truzzi |journal=Skeptical Inquirer |date=2017 |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=57–59 }} 33. ^1 2 {{cite news |last= Waller |first= Douglas |authorlink= Douglas C. Waller |date= 11 December 1995 |title= The vision thing: Ten years and $20 million later, The Pentagon discovers that psychics are unreliable spies |url= http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,983829,00.html |magazine= Time |subscription= yes}} 34. ^{{cite journal |last= Scott |first= C. |title= No 'remote viewing' |journal= Nature |volume= 298 |page= 414 |date= 29 July 1982 |doi= 10.1038/298414c0 |issue= 5873 |department= Correspondence|bibcode= 1982Natur.298..414S }} 35. ^{{cite book |last= Randi |first= James |authorlink= James Randi |year= 1982 |title= The Truth About Uri Geller |publisher= Prometheus |isbn= 9780879751999 |pages= |title-link= The Truth About Uri Geller }} 36. ^1 {{cite news |last= Anderson |first= Ian |title= Strange case of the psychic spy |magazine= New Scientist |date= 22 November 1984 |pages= [https://books.google.com/books?id=bfl5gPwcMsIC&pg=PA3 3–4] |volume= 104 |issue= 1431 |via= Google Books}} 37. ^1 {{cite book |last= Hyman |first= Ray |authorlink= Ray Hyman |year= 1986 |chapter= Outracing the Evidence: The Muddled 'Mind Race' |editor-first= Kendrik |editor-last= Frazier |editorlink= Kendrick Frazier |title= Science Confronts the Paranormal |publisher= Prometheus |pages= 91–108 |isbn= 978-0879753146}} 38. ^{{cite book |first= Ray |last= Hyman |authorlink= Ray Hyman |year= 1989 |title= The Elusive Quarry: A Scientific Appraisal of Psychical Research |publisher= Prometheus |page= 387 |isbn= 9780879755041}} 39. ^{{cite book |first= Henry |last= Gordon |authorlink= Henry Gordon (magician) |year= 1988 |title= Extrasensory Deception: ESP, Psychics, Shirley MacLaine, Ghosts, UFOs |publisher= Macmillan (Canada) |page= 147 |isbn= 978-0771595394}} 40. ^1 2 {{cite news |url= http://www.paloaltoonline.com/weekly/morgue/community_pulse/1998_Jun_17.LEADOBIT.html |newspaper= Palo Alto Weekly |date= 17 June 1998 |title=Joan Fischer Targ, computer literacy activist}} 41. ^{{cite journal | url = https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/10.12/prayer.html | title = A Prayer Before Dying | last = Bronson | first = P. | authorlink = Po Bronson | journal = Wired | volume = 10 | issue = 12 |date = December 2002 | accessdate = 2010-06-17 }} 42. ^{{cite journal |last= Katra |first= Jane |date= 1 December 2002 |title= Elisabeth F. Targ: 1961-2002 |url= https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-97754940 |journal= Journal of Parapsychology |via= Questia Online Library |subscription= yes}} 43. ^{{cite news |last= Sands |first= David R. |date= 31 August 2004 |title= Kin boosts Fischer's bid to gain German passport |url= https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-121451224 |newspaper= The Washington Times |via= Questia Online Library |subscription= yes}} 44. ^{{cite news |url= http://articles.latimes.com/2004/jul/30/world/fg-fischer30 |title= Fischer tries citizenship maneuver |newspaper= Los Angeles Times |date= 30 July 2004 |first= Bruce |last= Wallace}} External links
7 : 1934 births|American people of Russian-Jewish descent|21st-century American physicists|Columbia University alumni|Living people|Parapsychologists|Lockheed Missiles and Space Company people |
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