| 词条 | Russian battleship Imperator Aleksandr III (1901) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Design and descriptionImperator Alexandr III was {{convert|397|ft|m|1}} long overall, had a beam of {{convert|76|ft|1|in|m}} and a draft of around {{convert|29|ft|2|in|m|1}} at deep load. Designed to displace {{convert|13516|LT|t|lk=in}}, she was over {{convert|600|LT|t}} overweight and displaced {{convert|14181|LT|t}}. This caused a problem during sea trials on 6 October 1903 when Imperator Alexandr III made a high-speed turn that caused her to heel 15° and submerged the embrasures for the {{convert|75|mm|adj=on|sp=us}} guns. Her intended crew consisted of 28 officers and 754 enlisted men, although she carried 826–46 crewmen in service. Her design was based on that of the Tsesarevich, modified to suit Russian machinery.[3]The ship was powered by two 4-cylinder vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam generated by 20 Belleville boilers. The engines were rated at {{convert|15800|ihp|lk=in}} and designed to reach a top speed of {{convert|18|kn|lk=in}}. Imperator Alexandr III, however, only reached a top speed of {{convert|17.7|kn}} from {{convert|16225|ihp}} during her official machinery trials on 23 July 1903. She carried a maximum of {{convert|1350|LT|t}} of coal which allowed her to steam for {{convert|2590|lk=in|nmi}} at a speed of {{convert|10|kn}}.[4] The ship's main battery consisted of four {{convert|12|in|mm|0|adj=on}} guns mounted in two twin-gun turrets, one forward and one aft of the superstructure. The secondary armament consisted of 12 Canet {{convert|6|in|mm|0|adj=on}} quick-firing (QF) guns, mounted in twin-gun turrets. A number of smaller guns were carried for defence against torpedo boats. These included twenty {{convert|75|mm|adj=on|sp=us}} QF guns and twenty {{convert|47|mm|adj=on|sp=us}} Hotchkiss guns. She was also armed with four {{convert|15|in|adj=on|0}} torpedo tubes, one each at the bow and stern above water and two submerged. Imperator Alexandr III{{'}}s waterline armor belt consisted of Krupp armor and was {{convert|5.7|-|7.64|in|0}} thick. The armor of her gun turrets had a maximum thickness of {{convert|10|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} and her deck ranged from {{convert|1|to|2|in|0}} in thickness. The {{convert|1.5|in|adj=on}} armored lower deck curved downwards and formed an anti-torpedo bulkhead.[5] ServiceConstruction began on Imperator Alexandr III, named after Tsar Alexander III,[6] on 5 September 1899 at the Baltic Works in Saint Petersburg. The ship was laid down on 23 May 1900 and launched on 3 August 1901.[7] In August 1902 she was in Reval for the visit of the German Kaiser, Wilhelm II, and took part in combined fleet maneuvers with ships from the German navy.[8] She was completed in November 1903[9] at the cost of 13,979,000 rubles.[10] On 15 October 1904, Imperator Alexandr III set sail for Port Arthur from Libau along with the other vessels of the Second Pacific Squadron, under the overall command of Vice Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky.[11] Rozhestvensky led his squadron, including Imperator Alexandr III, down the Atlantic coast of Africa, rounding Cape Horn, and reached the island of Nosy Be off the north-west coast of Madagascar on 9 January 1905 where they remained for two months while Rozhestvensky finalized his coaling arrangements. The squadron sailed for Camranh Bay, French Indochina, on 16 March and reached it almost a month later to await the obsolete ships of the 3rd Pacific Squadron, commanded by Rear Admiral Nikolai Nebogatov. The latter ships reached Camranh Bay on 9 May and the combined force sailed for Vladivostok on 14 May. While exact figures are not available for Imperator Alexandr III, it is probable that the ship was approximately {{convert|1700|LT|t}} overweight as she and her sisters were overloaded with coal and other supplies; all of which was stored high in the ships and reduced their stability. The extra weight also submerged the waterline armor belt and left only about {{convert|4|ft|6|in|m|1}} of the upper armor belt above the waterline.[12] Rozhestvensky decided to take the most direct route to Vladivostok using the Tsushima Strait and was intercepted by the Japanese battlefleet under the command of Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō on 27 May 1905. At the beginning of the battle, Imperator Alexandr III was second in line behind Rozhestvensky's flagship, {{ship|Russian battleship|Knyaz Suvorov||2}}.[13] Very little is known of the ship's actions during the battle as there were no survivors from the ship and visibility was poor for most of the battle, but Captain W. C. Pakenham; the Royal Navy's official military observer under the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, noted that she was set on fire early in the engagement.[14] She did initially follow Knyaz Suvorov when that ship's steering was damaged about a half-hour after the Japanese opened fire at 14:10 but turned north when her captain, Nikolai Bukhvostov, realized that Knyaz Suvorov was out of control. Tōgō tried to concentrate his fire on the crippled Knyaz Suvorov around 16:00, but Bukhvostov turned Imperator Alexandr III straight for the Japanese battleline in a successful attempt to focus their attention on his ship. He was successful,[15] but she was badly damaged in the process. Observers noted that her bow was badly damaged and that there was a large hole in the forward hull on the port side.[16] When the shooting resumed around 18:00, the Japanese concentrated their fire upon the ship and her sister, {{ship|Russian battleship|Borodino||2}}. Imperator Alexandr III sheered out of line to port around 18:30 and capsized, but did not sink until 19:07; there were no survivors.[17] MemoryIn 1908, a granite obelisk, designed by Artem Ober and Yakov Filote, was constructed in the surrounding gardens of St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral, Saint Petersburg to remember the men of the Imperator Aleksandr III.[18] Notes{{Portal|Battleships}}1. ^All dates used in this article are New Style 2. ^http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?148821 3. ^McLaughlin, pp. 136–38, 140 4. ^McLaughlin, pp. 137, 144 5. ^McLaughlin, pp. 136–37 6. ^Silverstone, p. 376 7. ^McLaughlin, p. 136 8. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Latest intelligence - The Tsar and the Kaiser meeting at Reval |day_of_week=Thursday |date=7 August 1902 |page_number=3 |issue=36840| }} 9. ^Chesneau & Kolesnik, p. 184 10. ^McLaughlin, pp. 136, 142 11. ^Forczyk, p. 9 12. ^McLaughlin, pp. 141, 167 13. ^Forczyk, p. 56 14. ^Campbell, p. 129 15. ^Forczyk, pp. 25, 63, 66 16. ^Campbell, p. 135 17. ^Forczyk, p. 67 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://palytra.com/en/about_russia/information_saint-petersburg/cathedrals_churches_info_pictures/st.nicholas_cathedral/|title=Cathedrals and churches of Saint Petersburg - St.Nicholas Cathedral|publisher=Paltra Travel|accessdate=26 August 2012}} Footnotes{{Reflist|2}}References
9 : Borodino-class battleships|Victorian-era battleships of Russia|1901 ships|Ships built at the Baltic Shipyard|Russo-Japanese War battleships of Russia|Shipwrecks in the Tsushima Strait|Shipwrecks of the Russo-Japanese War|Ships lost with all hands|Maritime incidents in 1905 |
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