“Russian Fort Elizabeth”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Russian Fort Elizabeth is a National Historic Landmark and is administered as the Russian Fort Elizabeth State Historical Park just southeast of present-day Waimea on the island of Kaua{{okina}}i in Hawai{{okina}}i.^[3] It is located at the site of the former Fort Elizabety ({{lang-ru|Форт Елизаветы}}), the last remaining Russian fort on the Hawaiian islands, built in the early 19th century by the Russian-American Company as the result of an alliance with High Chief Kaumuali{{okina}}i.^[1] The star fort was employed by the Kingdom of Hawaii in the 19th century under the name Fort Hipo ({{lang-haw|Pa{{okina}}ula{{okina}}ula o Hipo}}).

History

In 1815, German physician Georg Anton Schäffer, an agent of the Russian-American Company, arrived in Hawai{{okina}}i to retrieve goods seized by Kaumuali{{okina}}i, chief of Kaua{{okina}}i island.^[3]{{rp|91–95}} According to the Company instructions, Schäffer had to begin by establishing friendly relations with king Kamehameha I who had created a kingdom incorporating all the islands of Hawai{{okina}}i and faced opposition from rebellious Kaumuali'i. Then, with or without Kamehameha's support, Schäffer had to recover the cost of lost merchandise from Kaumuali{{okina}}i.

Schäffer's medical expertise gained Kamehameha's respect but he denied the Russians any assistance against Kaumuali{{okina}}i. Schäffer was followed by two company ships, the Otkrytie and the Il'mena. He then sailed to Kaua{{okina}}i on his own. To his surprise, Kaumuali{{okina}}i eagerly signed a "treaty" granting Russian Tsar Alexander I of Russia a protectorate over Kaua{{okina}}i. Kaumuali{{okina}}i convinced Schäffer that the Russians could just as easily capture the whole archipelago. Schäffer promised that Tsar Alexander would help him to break free of Kamehameha's rule. Officially, Kaumuali{{okina}}i had pledged allegiance to Kamehameha in 1810. Kaumuali{{okina}}i probably never intended to give up power over the island; he thought he might reclaim his own kingdom with the help of Russia. Kaumuali{{okina}}i allowed Schäffer to build a fort near Waimea, named Fort or Fortress Elizabeth ({{lang-ru|Елизаветинская крепость}}, Elizavetinskaya Krepost’) in honor of the Empress of Russia at the time, Louise of Baden. Two others {{ndash}} Fortress Alexander ({{lang|ru|крепость Александра}}, Krepost’ Aleksandra) and Fort Barclay-de-Tolly ({{lang|ru|форт Барклая-де-Толли}}, Fort Barklaya-de-Tolli) {{ndash}} were named for the reigning emperor Alexander and his marshal Barclay-de-Tolly and constructed near Hanalei on Kaua{{okina}}i.

Fort Elizabeth was constructed in 1817 on the east bank of the Waimea River overlooking Waimea Bay. This fort was built in the shape of an irregular octagon, about {{convert|300|ft}} to {{convert|450|ft}} across, with walls {{convert|20|ft}} high. It housed a small Russian Orthodox chapel, Hawai{{okina}}i's first Orthodox Christian church. Fort Alexander built on Hanalei Bay also housed a small Orthodox chapel. When it was discovered that Schäffer did not have the backing of the Tsar, he was forced to leave Kaua{{okina}}i in the fall of 1817. Captain Alexander Adams replaced the Russian flag with the new Kingdom of Hawaii flag some time before October 1817. Russian Fort Elizabeth eventually came under the control of Kamehameha supporters.^[4]

In 1820, the guns fired in salute as Kaumuali{{okina}}i's son, Prince George "Prince" Kaumuali{{okina}}i (also known as Humehume) arrived on the ship Thaddeus, after guiding American missionaries back to his home. Humehume tried to stage a rebellion in 1824 by attacking the fort. It was used as a base to capture him and keep the kingdom unified. It was abandoned in 1853.^[5]

Dismantling

The Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i tasked Kaua{{okina}}i pioneer Valdemar Knudsen with the removal of armaments from the fort. Similar work was being done in that era across the kingdom with other forts being dismantled at Kailua-Kona, Lāhainā and along the waterfront at the old port of Honolulu. In a letter sent to Honolulu, Knudsen listed an inventory of the guns at the fort following a survey made in 1862. They included 60 flintlock muskets, 16 swords, 12 18-pound cannon, 26 4- and 6-pound cannon, 6 heavy guns and 24 little guns. During the decommissioning of the fort in 1864, while Knudsen was loading armaments and munitions for sale as scrap metal onto a schooner in Waimea Bay, one or two cannons fell into the murky waters of Waimea Bay.

Fort Elizabeth Forum 2017

To commemorate the Bicentennial of the fortress, the Fort Elizabeth Forum was held at the Courtyard Marriott Kauai at Coconut Beach, on November 11-13, 2017. It was attended by many U.S. people, and several officials from the Russian Federation's Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Moscow as well as from its U.S. Embassy in Washington, D.C. ^[6] ^[7] On the program were two sessions ("Russia and the USA – General Cultural Heritage" and "Reorientation of Russian-American Relations") and a round-table discussion ("Future of Russian-Hawaiian cultural heritage, Fort Elizabeth/ Pā ʻulaʻula"), followed by a visit to the Russian Fort Elizabeth historic landmark. Projects to make a larger-than-life bronze statue of King Kaumuali'i, Kaua'i's last king,.and to build the Fort Elizabeth Visitor Center were also announced.

Access

The fort is located at coordinates {{coord |21|57|6|N| 159|39|51|W| display=inline|type:landmark_region:US-HI}}, on the southeastern shore of the mouth of the Waimea River in Waimea, Kauai County, Hawaii. A small parking lot is south of the Hawaii Route 50 bridge, known as Kaumuali{{okina}}i Highway in honor of the last king. Facilities at the park include an interpretive walking path, and restrooms. A brochure with details of the site is available for a self-guided interpretive tour. Visitors to this site can enjoy exploring the remains of the fort, viewing scenery, photography and historical interpretation.^[8]

History

Dismantling

Fort Elizabeth Forum 2017

Access

See also

References

Further reading

External links