“Rutka Laskier”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Rut "Rutka" Laskier ({{lang-he|רוּת}}) (1929–1943) was a young Jewish diarist from Poland who is best known for her 1943 diary chronicling the three months of her life during the Holocaust. She was murdered at Auschwitz concentration camp in 1943 at the age of fourteen. Her manuscript, authenticated by Holocaust scholars and survivors, was published in the Polish language for the first time ever in early 2006. It has been compared to the diary of Anne Frank.

Biography

Hampel, daughter of Abram Chil Hampel, and ^[1] father Jakub (Yaakov) Laskier, who worked as a bank officer. Her family was well off. Her grandfather served as co-owner of Laskier-Kleinberg & Co, a milling company that owned and operated a grist mill.^[2]

In 1939, the municipal government was taken over by the German Nazi Party (NSDAP) following the city's surrender during the German invasion of Poland. It quickly began to engage in anti-Semitic violence and state-sponsored discrimination. Many Jews were fired from their positions and fled Danzig.^[2]^[3]

Rutka moved with her family to the southern Polish city of Będzin, from whence her paternal grandparents hailed. Following the German invasion of Poland, while in the Będzin Ghetto, Rutka Laskier, age 14, wrote a 60-page diary in Polish, chronicling several months of her life under the Nazi rule in 1943. Her diary remained in the hands of Rutka's surviving friend for 64 years and was not released to the public until 2005.^[4]^[5]

The Holocaust

Laskier's family was forced to move to the newly formed Jewish Ghetto in Będzin during the Holocaust in World War II. Rutka was deported from the ghetto and was believed to have died in a gas chamber, age 14, along with her mother and brother, upon arrival with her family at the Auschwitz concentration camp in August 1943.^[4]

However, when her diary appeared in a book, it was revealed in 2008 that she was not sent to the gas chambers along with them. Zofia Minc (later Galler), a fellow prisoner who survived, revealed in a published account of her time at Auschwitz, that Laskier slept in the barrack next to her until falling victim to a cholera outbreak in December 1943. Another prisoner pushed Laskier, still alive, in a wheelbarrow to an underground gas chamber. According to Zahava Scherz, Israeli-born daughter of Rutka's father by his subsequent marriage,^[6] Rutka begged Zofia to take her to the electric fence so she could kill herself, but an SS guard following them would not allow it. Rutka was then taken directly to the crematory.^[7]

Rutka's father was the only member of the family who survived the Holocaust. Following World War II, he emigrated to Israel, where he remarried and had another daughter, Zahava Scherz. He died in 1986.^[8] According to Zahava Scherz, interviewed in the BBC documentary "The Secret Diary of the Holocaust" (broadcast in January 2009),^[9] he never told Scherz about Rutka until she discovered a photo album when she herself was 14, which contained a picture of Rutka with her younger brother. Scherz asked her father who they were, and he answered her truthfully, but never spoke of it again. She went on to explain that she only learned of the existence of Rutka's diary in 2006, and she expressed how much it has meant to her to be able to get to know the young woman she regarded as her half-sister.^[12]

Diary

From 19 January to 24 April 1943, without her family's knowledge, Laskier kept a diary in an ordinary school notebook, writing in both ink and pencil, making entries sporadically. In it, she discussed atrocities she witnessed committed by the Nazis, and described daily life in the ghetto, as well as innocent teenage love interests. She also wrote about the gas chambers at the concentration camps, indicating that the horrors of the camps had filtered back to those still living in the ghettos.

The diary begins on 19 January with the entry "I cannot grasp that it is already 1943, four years since this hell began."^[4] One of the final entries says "If only I could say, it's over, you die only once... But I can't, because despite all these atrocities, I want to live, and wait for the following day."^[4]

Laskier describes how her faith in God "has been completely shattered" in the concentration camp. Laskier wrote: "The little faith I used to have has been completely shattered. If God existed, He would have certainly not permitted that human beings be thrown alive into furnaces, and the heads of little toddlers be smashed with gun butts or shoved into sacks and gassed to death."^[10]

Discovery of Laskier's diary

In 1943, while writing the diary, Laskier shared it with Stanisława Sapińska (21 years old, at that time), whom she had befriended after Laskier's family moved into a home owned by Sapińska's Roman Catholic family, which had been confiscated by the Nazis so that it could be included in the ghetto.^[12]

Laskier gradually came to realise she would not survive, and, realizing the importance of her diary as a document of what had happened to the Jewish population of Będzin, asked Sapińska to help her hide the diary. Sapińska showed Laskier how to hide the diary in her house under the double flooring in a staircase, between the first and second floors.^[11]

After the ghetto was evacuated and all its inhabitants sent to the death camp, Sapińska returned to the house and retrieved the diary. She kept it in her home library for 63 years and did not share it with anyone but members of her immediate family. In 2005, Adam Szydłowski, the chairman of the Center of Jewish Culture of the Zagłębie Region of Poland, was told by one of Sapińska's nieces about the existence of the diary.^[12]

With help from Sapińska's nephew, he obtained a photocopy of the diary and was instrumental in the publishing of its Polish-language edition. Its publication by Yad Vashem Publications was commemorated with a ceremony in Jerusalem by Yad Vashem (the Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority), Israel's Holocaust museum, on 4 June 2007, in which Zahava Scherz took part. At this ceremony, Sapińska also donated the original diary to Yad Vashem, in violation of Polish law.^[13]

The diary, which has been authenticated by Holocaust scholars and survivors, has been compared to the diary of Anne Frank, the best known Holocaust-era diary. ironically Rutka Laskier was born the same day as Anne Frank.^[1] and, in both cases, of their entire families, only their fathers survived the war.^[14]

Publication of diary

The manuscript, as edited by Stanisław Bubin, was published in the Polish language by a Polish publisher in early 2006. In June 2007, Yad Vashem Publications published English and Hebrew translations of the diary, entitled Rutka's Notebook: January–April 1943.^[12]

Printings

Adaptations

See also

Teenaged Holocaust diarists

Other

References

1. ^¹Rutka Laskier's Birth Record Finally Located: Announcement by Jewish Records Poland-Indexing, Inc. and The Bedzin-Sosnowiec-Zawiercie Area Research Society
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.zukunft-braucht-erinnerung.de/die-loesung-der-judenfrage-in-der-freien-stadt-danzig|title=Die "Lösung der Judenfrage" in der Freien Stadt Danzig|publisher=Zukunft braucht Erinnerung|first=Wolfgang|last=Gippert|language =German}}
3. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=1a3lkHv9NZ0C&pg=PA103&dq=jewish+danzig&q=jewish%20danzig|title=Model Nazi: Arthur Greiser and the Occupation of Western Poland|first1=Catherine|last1=Epstein|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-954641-1|page=103}}
4. ^¹²³⁴Etgar Lefkovits (5 June 2007), [https://web.archive.org/web/20160505011503/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-140232437.html "Polish 'Anne Frank' diary revealed"], The Jerusalem Post; retrieved 6 June 2007.
5. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203834/http://ep00.epimg.net/internacional/imagenes/2007/06/05/actualidad/1180994414_740215_0000000000_noticia_normal.jpg The 2007 photograph of original manuscript by Rutka Laskier], Internet Archive via archive.org; accessed 21 December 2016.
6. ^The Secret Diary of the Holocaust, BBC.co.uk; accessed 20 December 2016.
7. ^« Dans notre block, je dormais à côté de mon amie, Rutka Laskier, de Bedzin. Elle était tellement belle, que même le Dr Mengele l’avait remarquée. Une épidémie de typhus et de choléra a alors éclaté. Rutka a attrapé le choléra. En quelques heures, elle est devenue méconnaissable. Elle n’était plus qu’une ombre pitoyable. Je l’ai moi-même transportée dans une brouette au crématoire. Elle me suppliait de l’amener jusqu’aux barbelés pour se jeter dessus et mourir électrocutée, mais un SS marchait derrière moi avec un fusil et il ne m’a pas laissé faire. » in "Journal d’outre-tombe" by Nathalie Dubois and Maja Żółtowska, Libération (10 March 2008) (French).
8. ^WPR Interview with Zahava Scherz, wpr.org; accessed 21 December 2016.
9. ^BBC One Programmes - The Secret Diary of the Holocaust {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wUmpytQg?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00gn734|date=14 February 2011}}
10. ^Aron Heller, "New Pages of Past Horror: Writings depict the innocence of a Jewish teen coming of age—and Nazi brutality", Associated Press, 6 June 2006.
11. ^Pamiętnik Rutki (Rutka's Diary) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328234348/http://katowice.naszemiasto.pl/pamietnik_rutki/specjalna_artykul/534151.html |date=2008-03-28 }}, after Dziennik Zachodni (Polish); accessed 26 January 2018.
12. ^"Rozmowa z Adamem Szydłowskim, prezesem Zagłębiowskiego Centrum Kultury Żydowskiej" (Conversation with Adam Szydłowski, the chairman of the Center of Jewish Culture of the Zagłębie Region), by Marek Nycz, after Dziennik Zachodni (Polish) {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wUmuZenR?url=http://katowice.naszemiasto.pl/pamietnik_rutki/specjalna_artykul/534152.html|date=14 February 2011}}
13. ^Biblioteka Narodowa: dziennik Rutki Laskier wywieziono nielegalnie (National Library: Rutka Laskier's diary was illegally exported), after Dziennik Zachodni (5 October 2008) (Polish) {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wUmwjtWp?url=http://www.polskatimes.pl/dziennikzachodni/stronaglowna/51078%2Cbiblioteka-narodowa-dziennik-rutki-laskier-wywieziono%2Cid%2Ct.html|date=14 February 2011}}
14. ^{{cite journal|title=Polish girl's Holocaust diary unveiled after 60 years|at= Diary reveals horror of life in Polish ghetto|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/05/israel.secondworldwar|work=The journal of Rutka Laskier, the 'Polish Anne Frank'|quote=Rutka Laskier wrote the 60-page diary over a four-month period in Bedzin, Poland.|author=Rory McCarthy in Jerusalem|date=5 June 2007}}
15. ^¹²³Yad Vashem, [https://archive.today/20070611123809/http://www1.yadvashem.org/research_publications/temp_publications/temp_index_Rutkas_Notebook.html Rutka's Notebook - January-April 1943] Publications.