| 词条 | Saab 90 Scandia | |||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Saab 90 Scandia was a civil passenger aeroplane, manufactured by the Svenska Aeroplan Aktiebolaget (SAAB), in Linköping, Sweden. In 1944, as it was becoming clear that hostilities in Europe (the Second World War) would soon be at an end, SAAB realised that the company had to diversify from purely military endeavours if it were to survive. The board therefore decided to put into action a plan to manufacture a twin-engined, short- to medium-haul passenger aircraft, as a successor for the Douglas DC-3. (This was the same commercially driven stimulus that led to automobile production, with the Ursaab and subsequent Saab 92 passenger vehicles.) The design of the 90 Scandia was quite similar to the DC-3. The most distinct visible difference was that the 90 had tricycle landing gear while the DC-3 had a tailwheel. The Scandia also had a quite different vertical stabilizer shape, and numerous more subtle differences. The 90 had to compete with the many surplus DC-3s available on the market at the same time, making sales difficult. Design and developmentDevelopment started in February 1944. Takeoff weight was specified at about 11,600 kg, with a range of about 1,000 km. The prototype Saab 90 (Scandia) first flew in November 1946. It was capable of seating 24–32 passengers, with low-speed capability. It was to be fitted with Pratt & Whitney R-2000 engines. It had a single nosewheel and fully retractable landing gear. ABA Swedish Airlines, a predecessor of SAS, ordered 11 examples. The Type certificate was issued in June 1950. Delivery started in October 1950 but, after testing, specification had changed to the Pratt & Whitney R-2180-E Twin Wasp E. Two Brazilian airlines (VASP and Aerovias do Brasil) also ordered a total of six aircraft. The prototype was subsequently converted to a luxury private executive aircraft for the Brazilian industrialist Olavo Fontoura. DesignThe Scandia project was initiated in 1944 by a supposed need (after World War II) for an aircraft carrying 25–30 passengers for a distance of up to 1000 km. Main design objectives were: safety; two engines; long life; economic operation. The wing was shaped, using NACA profiles, to provide good stalling characteristics. Low wing design was chosen since it provided:
The wing was built in three pieces. The centre section with engine mounts, and left and right sections which were bolted to the centre section, immediately outboard of the engine nacelles. The fuselage diameter was chosen to allow for four seats per row. This configuration gave a capacity of 32 passengers. A configuration with wider and more comfortable seats, three seats per row, carrying a total of 24 passengers was also offered. The prototype (90.001) was equipped with {{convert|1450|bhp|abbr=on}} Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp R2000 engines (changed to {{convert|1650|bhp|abbr=on}} P&W Twin Wasp R2180 on the production version). The entire aircraft was built of metal except for the rudders which were fabric-covered metal frames. Test flightsThe prototype (SE-BCA) made its first flight on November 16, 1946. Claes Smith was the pilot. The first flight lasted for 20 minutes. The plane had exceptionally good slow-flying characteristics, with full control down to 110–115 km/h. The stall was slow and preceded by vibrations. The plane also turned out to be easily maneuvered with one engine turned off, which at the time was typically not the case with twin-engined aircraft. Unfortunately the rudder harmony was not satisfactory, with high control forces in some situations. The engine installation also needed redesign. The prototype flew a total of 154 hours before the winter of 1947/48 when it was parked in the hangar for modifications. The engines were elevated for increased clearance between propeller blades and ground. The cabin, which previously only contained test equipment, was furnished. On February the 7th 1948 the prototype took off again and began the second testing phase. The second phase mainly consisted of performance tests. After 700 hours of test flying it was decided to introduce the following changes to the production planes:
Promotional flyingIn 1947 the prototype had quickly visited Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Switzerland. In May 1948 it made a one-day trip from Linköping to Newcastle via Oslo. During these flights the prototype had only test equipment on board. No real demonstration flights with potential customers took place. For this reason it was decided to make a real demonstration tour through Europe now that the cabin was properly outfitted. The prototype departed on August 9, 1948. After visits to 11 European countries, SE-BCA returned to Linköping on November 11, 1948. The first stop was in Stockholm. Then in the following order it visited Norway (Oslo), Ireland (Dublin), Great Britain (Prestwick, Gatwick, Jersey), Denmark (Copenhagen), Belgium (Brussels), the Netherlands (Amsterdam), Switzerland (Geneva, Zürich), Portugal (Lisbon, Oporto), Spain (Madrid), France (Paris) and finally Finland. Total flying time was 113 hours with 123 takeoffs and a total distance of 37,200 km. 1,200 passengers were transported. In the Netherlands, Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands flew the plane. In every town the Scandia was welcomed by the respective airline and local press, but it did not result in any orders. Many airlines also visited Linköping for a closer look and demonstration during the years 1948–49. Some of these were DNL, Fred Olsen, DDL, Aero Oy, Swissair, FAMA, Aerol, Argentinas, KLM, Air Service, Sabena and Garuda. A second promotional tour was started on August 16, 1949. With six extra fuel tanks, each carrying 400 liters, SE-BCA started a tour that would take it to three continents. This was also the last time it was seen in Sweden. The first trip went to Paris where the extra fuel tanks were removed. On August 23, SE-BCA arrived to Addis Abeba (Ethiopia). The following day, emperor Haile Selassie went on a demonstration tour. Present on this tour was also Carl von Rosen, who at the time was counsellor for the Ethiopian Air Force. Athen, Kairo, Asmara, Port Sudan and Luxor were also visited on this tour. On this tour the plane was subjected to temperatures of 50 °C, with no problems. When the plane returned to Paris the extra fuel tanks were reinstalled. On September 4, SE-BCA left Paris with destination Pratt & Whitney's home base in Hartford, Connecticut. With stop-overs in Prestwick, Iceland and Greenland, the trip took three days. In Hartford the extra fuel tanks were removed and the interior was refitted. An extensive demonstration program all over the USA followed. Some of the cities visited were New York, Washington, Chicago, Miami, Los Angeles and Houston. In Los Angeles Howard Hughes flew the Scandia, and he praised the design. On October 14 the Scandia returned to Hartford. Operational historyThe first production Scandias were delivered in 1950. SAS received their eight aircraft between October 1950 and October 1954. SAS initially operated their Scandias on intra-Scandinavian flights. Scheduled services by Scandias were also operated to European cities including Amsterdam, Brussels and London Airport (Heathrow) between 1951 and 1955. VASP operated their fleet of new and ex-SAS Scandias on intra-Brazilian scheduled flights between October 1950 and late 1966. The Swedish Air Force put heavy and insistent demands upon the SAAB factory, for the Saab 29 fighter aircraft, which spelled the end of the Scandia project in Sweden, with residual production being undertaken by Fokker, in the Netherlands. Altogether, only 18 examples were manufactured. The entire SAS fleet was eventually purchased by VASP, in 1957. A larger version with pressurised cabin called 90B was planned, but never made. The last flight with a 90 Scandia was on July 22, 1969. The sole surviving Scandia is the 16th built, ex VASP PP-SQR, which is preserved in deteriorating condition by a museum at Bebedouro in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Variants
Twin-engined short-range airliner. Main production version.
Proposed version. Not built. Operators
Accidents and incidentsThree VASP Scandias were lost in fatal crashes with a further two written off in non-fatal accidents.[1][2]
SurvivorsOnly one 90 Scandia, PP-SQR, remains. It stands outdoors in at the Museu de Armas, Veículos e Máquinas Eduardo André Matarazzo in Bebedouro, Brazil.[9] It is said to be complete, but in very bad condition. Saab tried to buy the plane for its 50-year jubilee in 1987, but the owner asked a price Saab thought was unreasonably high. {{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} Specifications{{Aircraft specifications|plane or copter?=plane |jet or prop?=prop |ref=From Seventeen to Thirty-Nine[10] |capacity=24 or 32 passengers |length main=21.30 m |length alt=69 ft 10½ in |span main=28.00 m |span alt=91 ft 10½ in |height main=7.40 m |height alt=24 ft 3½ in |area main=85.70 m² |area alt=922.5 sq ft |empty weight main=9,960 kg |empty weight alt=21,958 lb |max takeoff weight main= 15,900 kg |max takeoff weight alt= 35,053 lb |engine (prop)=Pratt & Whitney R-2180-E Twin Wasp E |type of prop=14-cylinder radial engine |number of props=2 |power main=1,825 hp |power alt=1,361 kW |power more= (with water injection) |max speed main= 450 km/h |max speed alt=243 knots, 280 mph |max speed more=at 2,600 m (8530 ft) |cruise speed main=340 km/h |cruise speed alt=183 knots, 211 mph |cruise speed more=(normal cruise) |range main= 2,650 km |range alt=1,432 nmi, 1,647 mi |ceiling main= 7,500 m |ceiling alt= 24,605 feet |climb rate main=7.5 m/s |climb rate alt=1,475 ft/min[11] }} See also{{Aircontent|see also= |related= |similar aircraft=
|lists= }} References1. ^{{cite magazine |last=Stroud |first=John |date=September 1992 |title=Post War Propliners – Part 4 |magazine=Aeroplane Monthly|issn=0143-7240 |volume=20|issue=9|pages=55–60}} 2. ^"ASN Aviation Safety Database results:SAAB Scandia". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 29 June 2011. 3. ^{{Cite web | url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19581230-0 | title=Accident description PP-SQE | publisher=Aviation Safety Network | accessdate=17 August 2011}} 4. ^{{cite book | first=Carlos Ari César | last=Germano da Silva | title=O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996 | chapter=Ponte aérea das doze horas | publisher=EDIPUCRS | edition=2 | place=Porto Alegre | year=2008 | pages=171–173 | isbn=978-85-7430-760-2 | language=Portuguese}} 5. ^{{Cite web | url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19590923-1 | title=Accident description PP-SQV | publisher=Aviation Safety Network | accessdate=18 August 2011}} 6. ^{{cite book | first=Carlos Ari César | last=Germano da Silva | title=O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996 | chapter=Falha de motor na decolagem | publisher=EDIPUCRS | edition=2 | place=Porto Alegre | year=2008 | pages=177–181 | isbn=978-85-7430-760-2 | language=Portuguese}} 7. ^{{Cite web | url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19621126-1 | title=Accident description PP-SRA and PT-BRQ | publisher=Aviation Safety Network | accessdate=2 June 2011}} 8. ^{{cite book | first=Carlos Ari César | last=Germano da Silva | title=O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928–1996 | chapter=No céu de Paraibuna | publisher=EDIPUCRS | edition=2 | place=Porto Alegre | year=2008 | pages=214–216 | isbn=978-85-7430-760-2 | language=Portuguese}} 9. ^PP-SQR {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930111407/http://fesa.be/PP-SQR.html |date=2007-09-30 }} 10. ^{{cite magazine |last1=Green |first1=William|last2=Swanborough |first2=Gordon |date=May 1987 |title=From Seventeen to Thirty-Nine: A Saab Half-Century |url= |magazine=Air Enthusiast|ISSN=0143-5450 |volume=33 |page=15}} 11. ^{{cite magazine|last1=Smith|first1=Maurice A|title=SCANDIA Discussed|journal=Flight|date=3 June 1948|volume=LIII|issue=2058|pages=609|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1948/1948%20-%200809.html|accessdate=2017-08-26}}
External links{{commons category|Saab Scandia}}
6 : Swedish airliners 1940–1949|Swedish civil aircraft|Saab aircraft|Aircraft first flown in 1946|Low-wing aircraft|Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft |
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