| 词条 | Saint Petersburg Dam |
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| width = 310px | align = right | video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PB_9grFl3Vc Video on YouTube demonstrating closed S-1 gates in the time of storm in 27–28 December 2011] }} The Saint Petersburg Flood Prevention Facility Complex[1] ({{lang-rus|Ко́мплекс защи́тных сооруже́ний Санкт-Петербу́рга от наводне́ний|kómpleks zashchítnykh sooruzhéniy Sankt-Peterbúrga ot navodnéniy}}), unofficially the Saint Petersburg Dam, is a {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} complex of dams for flood control near Saint Petersburg, Russia. The dam extends from Lomonosov northward to Kotlin Island (and the city of Kronstadt), then turns east toward Cape Lisiy Nos near Sestroretsk. The complex is intended to protect Saint Petersburg from storm surges by separating the Neva Bay from the rest of the Gulf of Finland. Historically, the storm surges from the gulf had caused over 300 floods in the city, several of which had a massive devastating effect. The dam has the capability to protect the city from water rising up to {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}}.[2] Its first use to hold back the incoming Baltic water into Neva bay took place 28 November 2011 and had resulted in decrease of water rise to 1.3 masl, that is below flood level equal to 1.6 masl according to Baltic system of coordinates,[2] which prevented the 309th flood in the history of the city and saved some 1.3 billion roubles of possible damages.[3] The construction of the flood prevention complex started in 1978 and became one of the longest construction projects in Russia. After a protracted halt in the 1990s and early 2000s, construction was resumed in 2005 due to the intervention of Russia's President Vladimir Putin, a native of Saint Petersburg. Putin finally inaugurated the finished complex in 2011,[4][5] when all the facilities at the southern part of the dam were completed, along with the {{convert|1.2|km|mi|abbr=on}} long underwater roadway tunnel below the main southern lock, the longest undersea tunnel in Russia.[6] Over 30 water purification installations are placed around the dam, a part of a larger program to clean the water in the Neva Bay.[4] The dam tunnel is also the last completed part of the Saint Petersburg Ring Road. The northern and southern parts of the dam act like two giant bridges and provide an easy access from mainland to Kotlin Island and Kronstadt. SpecificationsThe dam spans the Gulf of Finland, with the island of Kotlin (Kronstadt) at its centre. It extends for {{convert|25.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} and stands {{convert|8|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level. It incorporates two large openings for shipping, which can be closed when floods threaten. Construction began in 1980 but stalled in the Russian political and economic upheavals of the 1990s; it resumed many years later and finally ended in 2011. The main benefit that most people cite{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} is not flood control but rather improved traffic flow, as the dam completes the Saint Petersburg Ring Road. Floods on the Neva{{Main|Floods in Saint Petersburg}}Saint Petersburg suffers from frequent floods (more than 340 in recorded history), some being natural disasters. It is situated on drained marshlands, isles and lowlands in the estuary of the Neva River, where flooding is common. Flow from Lake Ladoga is significant and the Neva's current is rapid, but flooding is generally caused by water backing up the Neva from its outlet, the Gulf of Finland. Most rivers flood in periods of exceptionally high flow, but the Neva typically floods in late autumn.[7] In the early literature, high winds from the Gulf of Finland were often cited as the cause of Neva flooding, but scientists now understand the more complex hydrometeorological chain of events behind it. A low-pressure region in the North Atlantic moves onshore, giving rise to cyclonic lows on the Baltic Sea. The low pressure of the cyclone draws greater-than-normal quantities of water into the virtually land-locked Baltic. As the cyclone continues inland, long low-frequency[8] seiche waves are established in the Baltic. When the waves reach the narrow and shallow Neva Bay, they become much higher, ultimately breaching the Neva embankments.[9] The worst such flood occurred on 19 November 1824, when the water level rose {{convert|4.21|m|ft|abbr=on}} above normal. The playwright Alexander Griboyedov wrote, "The embankments of the various canals had disappeared and all the canals had united into one. Hundred-year-old trees in the Summer Garden were ripped from the ground and lying in rows, roots upward." When the waters receded 569 people were dead, with thousands more injured or made ill – more than 300 buildings had been washed away. The 1824 inundation is the setting for Alexander Pushkin's famous poem, The Bronze Horseman (1834). Other disastrous floods took place in 1777 and 1924. One of the most recent floods occurred on 18–19 October 1998, when the water level rose to {{convert|2.2|m|ft|abbr=on}}.[10] ProjectFor years, prominent scientists and statesmen of imperial Russia developed various plans for flood protection, and the Soviet Union implemented the idea. The flood of 1955 finally made it clear that the city needed a protective dam. Many options were considered before the Soviet government decided on a {{convert|25.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} complex of 11 dams, including a six-lane highway on the top. The project was begun in 1979, and construction continued through 1995, at which point the dam was around 70% complete, when due to difficulties obtaining financing after the fall of the Soviet Union the project was suspended until 2005, when President Vladimir Putin ordered its resumption.[11][12] Construction was completed in 2011, and the formal opening of the complex was on 12 August 2011.[11] At the opening ceremony, Putin said that the completion of the project was a "historic event" and meant that Saint Petersburg "is not just protected from floods, the ecological situation also improved."[11] The entire project cost roughly 109 billion rubles ($3.85 billion),[12] and resulted in a series of eleven separate dams measuring {{convert|25|km|mi}} across the Gulf of Finland.[11] Built into the structure are two openings to allow ships to pass through, six gates that can be closed to hold back water, and about 30 facilities for purifying water flowing into the gulf.[11] It took {{convert|42|hm3|yd3|lk=on|abbr=on}} of stone and soil, {{convert|2|hm3|yd3|abbr=on}} of reinforced concrete and about {{convert|100000|tonne|ST|lk=on}} of steel structures and other materials to build the dam. The project was designed and implemented by over 100 scientific and design institutions, construction companies and suppliers of materials and equipment. CriticismOpponents {{who|date=January 2013}} have raised concerns and staged demonstrations during construction of the dam. The main concerns relate to water quality and impact on historically significant sites.{{citation needed|date=January 2013|reason=the paper describes the criticalities of the Saint Petersburg Dam Project, particularly with reference to the pollution problem cited in the wiki text|Authors: EVGENII F. MISHCHENKO, ALEXAN DR S. MISHCHENKO AND MIKHAIL I. ZELIKIN=Adequacy of Mathematical Models in Control Theory, Physics, and Environmental Science, in M. Lucertini et al., Technological Concepts and Mathematical Models in the Evolution of Modern Engineering Systems: Controlling Managing Organizing, Springer, Basel 2004}} Water qualityDam's opponents{{who|date=January 2013}} fear that the dam will constrain water flow, accumulating polluted water inside the dam.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}[13] Damming an estuary and altering its flow pattern generates a number of physical and biological impacts; the disruption of the normal flow obstructs natural current and affects the water’s habitat. The 60 canals and rivers that flow through Saint Petersburg will all discharge into the dammed area. Currently the Neva’s water is good enough to serve as a source for drinking water.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} To address the problem of water pollution, the city's government adopted a plan to upgrade the city's sewage system to limit the amount of untreated wastewater release to less than 0.1%. The measures being taken seem to be quite efficient – after the launch of modern long-awaited South-West Wastewater Treatment Plant in 2006 the amount of biological and phosphate waste is expected to be lowered by 60% and 25%, respectively.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} Over 30 water purification installations are placed around the complex, a part of a larger effort to clean the water in the Neva Bay.[4] World Heritage Site impactsThe dam passes through the historic Northern Forts of Kronstadt, which is a World Heritage Site.[14] See also
Notes1. ^Before 2003 when construction resumed after a 15-year pause, the dam was officially called the "Leningrad Flood Prevention Facility Complex" 2. ^{{ru icon}} Мощнейший ураган и наводнение накрыли Петербург: вода угрожает городу (ВИДЕО), Главред, 28 November 2011 3. ^Дирекция КЗС: Дамба предотвратила ущерб в 1,3 млрд рублей {{ru icon}} 4. ^1 2 3 St. Petersburg gets protecting dam Voice of Russia 5. ^Saint Petersburg Dam official site {{ru icon}} 6. ^Ship opening S-1 at spb-projects.ru {{ru icon}} 7. ^B. P. Usanov, Dialog between the city and the sea (in Russian), Leningrad: Knowledge Society Publishing House, 1989 8. ^Waves with wavelengths up to several hundred kilometers. 9. ^This is similar to a tidal bore, where incoming tides are funneled into a shallow, narrowing river via a broad bay. The funnel-like shape increases the height of the tide above normal, and the flood appears as a relatively rapid increase in the water level. 10. ^K.I.Krasnoborodko et al., The development of water supply and sewerage systems in Saint Petersburg, in European Water Management, Volume 2, Number 4, 1999 11. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web | url=http://en.rian.ru/russia/20110812/165740556.html | title=Putin attends inauguration of St. Petersburg flood protection dam | publisher=RIA Novosti | date=12 August 2011 | accessdate=13 August 2011 | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/60tf86ThG?url=http://en.rian.ru/russia/20110812/165740556.html | archivedate=13 August 2011 | deadurl=yes | df=dmy-all }} 12. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2011/08/12/idINIndia-58768120110812 | title=Russia completes Soviet-era dam in St Petersburg | publisher=Reuters India | date=13 August 2011 | accessdate=13 August 2011 | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/60tfFUhcR?url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2011/08/12/idINIndia-58768120110812 | archivedate=13 August 2011 | deadurl=yes | df=dmy-all }} 13. ^Baltic Marine Environment Commission {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714063640/http://www.helcom.fi/press_office/news_baltic/en_GB/StPetersburg/ |date=14 July 2007 }} 14. ^Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments. References{{refbegin}}
External links{{Commons category|Saint Petersburg dam}}
6 : Dams in Russia|Flood barriers|Bridges in Saint Petersburg|Dams completed in 2011|Flood control in Russia|Saint Petersburg Ring Road |
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