| 词条 | Salmo marmoratus |
| 释义 |
| name = Salmo marmoratus | image = Marble trout from zadlaščica.jpg | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Salmo marmoratus | authority = G. Cuvier, 1829 | synonyms = | range_map = Areale salmo marmo.png }}Salmo marmoratus (marble trout) is a species of freshwater fish in the Salmonidae family. It is characterized by a distinctive marbled color pattern and high growth capacity. The marble trout is found in only three basins and two rivers of the Adriatic basin, namely the Po with only northern/left tributaries and the Adige, Brenta, Piave, Tagliamento and Livenza basins in Italy, the Soča basin in Slovenia and Italy, the Neretva river in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, and the Morača river in Montenegro. While once present in the Drin river basin in Albania fish is almost certainly extirpated there.[1][2] Appearance, Biology and EcologyThe marble trout has a long, cylindrical body, slightly compressed laterally, with a large head (22–25% of the body length), which is why it is also known as glavatica (< glava 'head') in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The most obvious characteristic of the marble trout is its marble pattern. The intensity of colour varies considerably upon the surroundings. Some marble trout have red spots that merge with the rest of the pigment, always only along the lateral line.[3] Its average size is 30–70 cm. The largest specimen in Slovenia was a 117 cm and 24 kg female (found dead),[4] largest living specimen caught was 120 cm and 22.5 kg.[5] There are reports of individuals weighing up to 30 kg.[3] The largest specimens were found in Bosnia and Herzegovina, inhabiting the Neretva River from below town of Konjic downstream to town of Čapljina, mostly in canyon section from town of Jablanica to city of Mostar, and later after construction of Jablanica dam on the Neretva river in Jablaničko Lake.[6] Trout become sexually mature at the age 3+ years (males) and 4+ years (females), they spawn during November and December. The marble trout is piscivorous, feed mainly on smaller fish and benthic invertebrates. Its natural habitat is rivers with a summer temperature of {{convert|15|C|}}. It suffers numerous threats to its existence throughout its range, these include hybridisation with foreign trout species stocked for angling and water extraction and pollution. In Bosnia and Herzegovina main threats are habitat loss (habitat destruction) due to construction of five large dams on the Neretva river and plans for construction of several new dams on the upper course of the Neretva, water pollution, overfishing (sportfishing, food, including poaching) and hybridisation with introduced species of trout. All eight remaining genetically pure marble trout populations were found in remote streams of the River Soča basin.[7] From these populations the Tolmin Angler's Society launched a reintroduction programme.[8] Marmorated troutAdding to the confusion of salmonid taxonomy, there are other trout with marble patterns beside Salmo marmoratus. One is trout from the river Otra, Norway. A certain percentage of brown trout (Salmo trutta) from that river have a marble pattern. In all other aspects, these trout are identical to the non-marble brown trout from the same river. This is an example of intrapopulational polymorphism.[9][10] References1. ^{{cite web|title=Marble trout (Salmo marmoratus) |url=http://www.balkan-trout.com/studied_taxa_7_marble_trout.htm |publisher=Balkan Trout Restoration Group |accessdate=2009-03-10}} {{Trouts}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q22231158}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Salmo Marmoratus}}2. ^{{cite journal|author=S. MUHAMEDAGIĆ|author2=H. M. GJOEN |author3=M. VEGRA |title=Salmonids of the Neretva river basin - p|journal=EIFAC FAO Fisheries and Aqauculture Report No. 871.|year=2008|pages=224–233|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1373e/i1373e03.pdf|accessdate=6 January 2014|publisher=European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC)|format=pdf}} 3. ^1 {{cite journal |author1=Povž M |author2=Jesenšek D |author3=Berrebi P |author4=Crivelli AJ |year=1996 |title=The marble trout}} 4. ^{{cite journal |author=Pintar L |year=1991 |title=Najtežja soška postrv je končala pod peskom |journal=Ribič |volume=50 |issue=1–2 |pages=16}} 5. ^http://ribiska-druzina-tolmin.si/forum/viewtopic.php?p=1324&sid=e40b1d014fb87ba739958c7fb19e99df#1324 6. ^{{cite book | last = Mateš | first = Antun | title = The Enchanted Angler | publisher = J&B d.o.o. | year = 2004 | location = Zagreb | pages = | url = http://www.trout-angler.com/the_river_neretva | doi = | id = | isbn = 953-99019-3-6 }} 7. ^{{cite journal |author1=Fumagalli L |author2=Snoj A |author3=Jesenšek D |author4=Balloux F |author5=Jug T |author6=Duron O |author7=Brossier F |author8=Crivelli AJ |author9=Berrebi P |url=http://www2.arnes.si/~asnoj2/prenos/PDF3_Fumagallimarmoratus.pdf |title=Extreme genetic differentiation among the remnant populations of marble trout (Salmo marmoratus) in Slovenia |journal=Mol. Ecol. |year=2002 |volume=11 |pages=2711–2716 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01648.x |pmid=12453253 |issue=12}} 8. ^Fish farming 9. ^{{cite journal |author1=Skaala O |author2=Solberg G |year=1997 |title=Biochemical genetic variability and the taxonomic position of the marmorated trout in River Otra, Norway}} 10. ^{{cite web|last=Crivelli |first=A.J. |year=2006 |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/19859/all |title=Salmo marmoratus |publisher=2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |accessdate=2007-08-05}} 8 : Fish described in 1829|Salmo|Fauna of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Freshwater fish of Europe|Endemic fish of the Neretva basin|Morača|Soča|Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
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