| 词条 | Emily Greene Balch |
| 释义 |
| name = Emily Greene Balch | image = EmilyGreeneBalch.jpg | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1867|01|08}} | birth_place = Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. | death_date = {{Death date and age|1961|01|09|1867|01|08}} | death_place = Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. | nationality = American | occupation = Writer, economist, professor | known_for = Nobel Peace Prize in 1946 }} Emily Greene Balch (January 8, 1867 – January 9, 1961) was an American economist, sociologist and pacifist. Balch combined an academic career at Wellesley College with a long-standing interest in social issues such as poverty, child labor and immigration, as well as settlement work to uplift poor immigrants and reduce juvenile delinquency. She moved into the peace movement at the start of World War I in 1914, and began collaborating with Jane Addams of Chicago. She became a central leader of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) based in Switzerland, for which she won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1946. Life{{more citations needed|section|date=March 2017}}Balch was born to a prominent Yankee family in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, a neighborhood of Boston, to Francis V. and Ellen (nėe Noyes) Balch. Her father was a successful lawyer and one time secretary to United States Senator Charles Sumner.[1] She graduated from Bryn Mawr College in 1889 after reading widely in the classics and languages, and focusing on economics. She did graduate work in Paris and published her research as Public Assistance of the Poor in France (1893). She did settlement housework in Boston, but decided on an academic career.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} She then studied at Harvard University, the University of Chicago, and the University of Berlin, and began teaching at Wellesley College in 1896. She focused on immigration, consumption, and the economic roles of women. In 1913, she was appointed to serve as Professor of Economics at Wellesley, following the resignation of political economist Katharine Coman, who had founded the Department.[2] That same year, Balch was promoted from Associate Professor to Professor of Political Economy and of Political and Social Science.[3] Balch served on numerous state commissions, such as the first commission on minimum wages for women. She was a leader of the Women's Trade Union League, which supported women who belonged to labor unions. She published a major sociological study of Our Slavic Fellow Citizens in 1910.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} She was a longtime pacifist, and was a participant in Henry Ford's International Committee on Mediation. When the United States entered the war, she became a political activist opposing conscription in espionage legislation, and supporting the civil liberties of conscientious objectors. She collaborated with Jane Addams in the Women's Peace party, and numerous other groups.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} In a letter to the president of Wellesley, she wrote we should follow "the ways of Jesus". Her spiritual thoughts were that American economy was "far from being in harmony with the principles of Jesus which we profess." [4] Wellesley College terminated her contract in 1919. Balch served as an editor of The Nation, a well-known magazine of political commentary.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} Balch converted from Unitarianism and became a Quaker in 1921. She stated, "Religion seems to me one of the most interesting things in life, one of the most puzzling, richest and thrilling fields of human thought and speculation... religious experience and thought need also a light a day and sunshine and a companionable sharing with others of which it seems to me there is generally too little... The Quaker worship at its best seems to me give opportunities for this sort of sharing without profanation."[5] Her major achievements were just beginning, as she became an American leader of the international peace movement. In 1919, Balch played a central role in the International Congress of Women. It changed its name to the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, and was based in Geneva. She was hired by the League as its first international Secretary-Treasurer, administering the organization's activities. She helped set up summer schools on peace education, and created new branches in over 50 countries. She cooperated with the newly established League of Nations regarding drug control, aviation, refugees, and disarmament. In World War II, she favored Allied victory and did not criticize the war effort, but did support the rights of conscientious objectors.[6] She won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1946 for her work with the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF). Her acceptance speech highlighted the issues of nationalism and efforts for international peace.[7] Balch never married. She died the day after her 94th birthday. See also
References1. ^1870 United States Federal Census 2. ^{{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/05/04/issue.html?action=click&contentCollection=Archives&module=ArticleEndCTA®ion=ArchiveBody&pgtype=article|title=Farewell dinner to Miss Coman|last=|first=|date=4 May 1913|work=The New York Times|access-date=2 September 2018}} 3. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1913/03/30/archives/new-wellesley-dean-miss-alice-vinton-walte-chosen-by-the-board-of.html|title=New Wellesley dean|last=|first=|date=30 March 1913|work=|access-date=2 September 2018}} 4. ^Mercedes Moritz Randall, Improper Bostonian: Emily Greene Balch, Nobel Peace Laureate, 1946 (1964) pp. 364, 378. 5. ^Randall, Improper Bostonian, p. 60 6. ^Suzanne Niemeyer, editor, Research Guide to American Historical Biography: vol. IV (1990) pp. 1806–14 7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1946/balch-lecture.html|title=Emily Greene Balch - Nobel Lecture: Toward Human Unity or Beyond Nationalism|publisher=Nobelprize.org|date=1945-06-26|accessdate=2017-03-08}} Bibliography
Further reading
|title=Peace As a Women's Issue: A History of the U.S. Movement for World Peace and Women's Rights |publisher =Syracuse University Press |date=1993|isbn = 0815602693|oclc=25508750}}
|title=Women for All Seasons: The Story of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom |publisher =University of Georgia Press |date=1989|isbn = 0820310921|oclc=18051898}}
|title=Promise and Peril: America at the Dawn of a Global Age |publisher =Harvard University Press |date=2011|isbn = 9780674061187|oclc=754841336}}
|title=Improper Bostonian: Emily Greene Balch|publisher =Twayne Publishers |date=1964|isbn = |oclc=779059266}}, scholarly biography*
External links{{Commons category}}
20 : 1867 births|1961 deaths|American anti-war activists|American Christian pacifists|American magazine editors|American Nobel laureates|American Quakers|Bryn Mawr College alumni|Converts to Quakerism|American women economists|Economists from Massachusetts|Nobel Peace Prize laureates|Writers from Boston|Wellesley College faculty|Women Nobel laureates|Women sociologists|American anti–World War I activists|Women's International League for Peace and Freedom people|Women's Trade Union League people|Women magazine editors |
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