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词条 Same-sex marriage in Brazil
释义

  1. Civil unions

  2. Same-sex marriage

     National Justice Council ruling  Proposals in the National Congress  Timeline prior to 2013 ruling  Individual cases  Statewide  Marriage statistics  Religious performance  Public opinion 

  3. See also

  4. Notes

  5. References

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}{{Same-sex unions}}Same-sex marriage in Brazil has been legal since 16 May 2013, following a National Justice Council decision,[1][2] which orders notaries of every state to perform same-sex marriages.[3][4]Same-sex unions had already been legally recognized since 2004. Following a ruling of the Supreme Court of Brazil, so-called stable unions ({{lang-pt|união estável}}) had been available for same-sex couples since May 2011. These unions were granted most of the rights of marriages, including adoption, welfare benefits, pension, inheritance tax, income tax, social security, health benefits, immigration, joint property ownership, hospital and prison visitation, IVF and surrogacy.[5]

This decision paved the way for future legislation on same-sex matrimonial rights. Before the nationwide legislation, the states of Alagoas,[6] Bahia,[6][7] Ceará, Espírito Santo, the Federal District, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraíba, Paraná,[9][10] Piauí, Rondônia, Santa Catarina, São Paulo,[8][9] and Sergipe, as well as the city of Santa Rita do Sapucaí (MG),[10][11] had already allowed same-sex marriages and several unions were converted into full marriages by state judges.[12] In Rio de Janeiro, same-sex couples could also marry but only if local judges agreed with their request.[13]

Nevertheless, on 14 May 2013, the Justice's National Council of Brazil legalized same-sex marriage in the entire country in a 14-1 vote by issuing a ruling that orders all civil registers of the country to perform same-sex marriages and convert any existing civil union into a marriage, if the couple wish so.[1][2][14][15][16][17] Joaquim Barbosa, president of the Council of Justice and the Supreme Federal Court, said that notaries cannot continue to refuse to "perform a civil wedding or the conversion of a stable civil union into a marriage between people of the same sex".[3] The ruling was published on 15 May and took effect on 16 May 2013.[18][19]

Civil unions

{{Same-sex marriage map South America|align=left}}

In 2004, the first case of recognition of same-sex unions in Brazil occurred with a binational Englishman and a Brazilian. This legal precedent encouraged other couples to marry around the country. Their relationship was recognized in the form of a common-law marriage, which until then, was only granted to opposite-sex couples. The couple had lived together for fourteen years in the Brazilian city of Curitiba.[20]

In 2010, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs authorized Brazilian diplomats to request a diplomatic or service passport and stay visa for same-sex partners. The decision, which includes same-sex and opposite-sex partners, was announced internally to embassies and consulates in over 200 countries. According to the Foreign Ministry, the measure must ensure that employees register their same-sex partners to secure their right to stay outside the country. Now, with the grant of diplomatic passports, in practice, it means that it would be easier for the partner to obtain a residence permit.[21]

Also in 2010, the state-owned Infraero (Brazilian Company of Airport Infrastructure) began to recognize stable unions between same-sex couples for the purposes of granting benefits. The change came with the signing of the new Collective Work Agreement. To receive the benefit, the union must be registered through the public notary.[22]

On 5 May 2011, Brazil's Supreme Federal Court ruled that civil unions must be allowed throughout the country. The decision was approved by 10-0; one judge abstained because he had previously spoken publicly in favor of same-sex unions when he was attorney general. The ruling resulted in stable partnerships for same-sex couples having the same financial and social rights enjoyed by those in heterosexual relationships. Civil unions of same-sex couples are guaranteed the same 112 rights as marriages of opposite-sex couples.[23] Brazil's High Court ruling came in response to two lawsuits, one filed by the Rio de Janeiro state Government in 2008 and another in 2009 by the Public Ministry, a group of prosecutors that is part of the federal Government but independent from its executive, legislative and judicial branches. To qualify as a stable union, same-sex couples can officially register as a civil union or prove it the same way some heterosexual couples do, by having a bank account together or living at the same address.[24]

On 17 June 2011, a judge from Goiânia, Jeronymo Pedro Villas Boas, annulled the first civil union that happened in the country, between Liorcino Mendes and Odilio Torres, and also ordered all notaries in Goiânia to not issue civil union licenses anymore.[25][26][27][28] Villas Boas, who is also a church pastor of the Assembleia de Deus, claimed that same-sex unions are unconstitutional.[29] On 21 June, another judge, Beatriz Figueiredo Franco, cancelled Villas Boas' decision, making the union valid again.[30] Concerned, Liorcino Mendes and Odilio Torres signed again another civil union in Rio de Janeiro.[31]

On 7 June 2013, the Brazilian Air Force recognized the stable union of a sergeant and his partner after he presented a notarized deed documenting their relationship; the Air Force did not comment on the recognition, and could not confirm if the relationship was the first same-sex union certified by the branch.[32] On 8 August 2013, Judge Elio Siqueira of the 5th region TRF ruled on appeal that the Brazilian Army must recognize the civil union (performed in January 2012 in Pernambuco) of a service member and his same-sex partner, and must also accord a military spousal pension to the partner. It marked the first time that a state-recognized same-sex union was recognized by the Army.[33][34]

Same-sex marriage

Marriage law is governed by federal rather than state law and involves issuing of a marriage certificate by a notary. In May 2011, the Supreme Federal Court decided that the present marriage law already did allow for both opposite and same-sex marriages. Based on this decision, many states amended its guidances for issuing marriage certificates to implement the Supreme Court decision and allow same-sex marriage through a notary. In other states, notaries who preside over marriage licenses and perform marriages are required by judicial order to provide such services to same-sex couples.[3]

National Justice Council ruling

On 14 May 2013, the Justice's National Council of Brazil legalized same-sex marriage in the entire country in a 14–1 vote, via a ruling that orders all civil registers of the country to perform same-sex marriages and to convert any existing civil unions into marriages if the couple so desires.[1][2][14][15][16][17] Joaquim Barbosa, president of the Council of Justice and the Supreme Federal Court, said in the decision that notaries cannot continue to refuse to "perform a civil wedding or the conversion of a stable civil union into a marriage between persons of the same sex."[3][4][35]

On 21 May 2013, the Social Christian Party (PSC) lodged an appeal of the National Council's decision in the Supreme Federal Court of Brazil. The party alleged that the Council had committed an abuse of power and that legalising same-sex marriage was a matter exclusively for the National Congress to decide.[36] The appeal did not affect the Council's original decision in favour of same-sex marriage. On 30 May 2013, the Supreme Federal Court rejected the appeal on technical grounds, stating that the PSC had used the wrong form of appeal. The Court held that the National Council's decision could only be challenged through a "direct action for unconstitutionality" (ação direta de inconstitucionalidade) rather than an action for injunction (mandado de segurança).[37][38] On 6 June 2013, the PSC re-lodged the appeal.[39][40] On 28 August 2013, the Procuradoria Geral da República (Attorney General) forwarded to the Supreme Court an opinion in favor of same-sex marriage in Brazil.[41] Given the National Council ruling was issued by the Council's president, who was also the Chief Justice of the Supreme Federal Court, it is unlikely the latter court would ever overturn the Council's ruling.

Proposals in the National Congress

A Brazilian legislative commission for human rights recommended in October 2013 a measure that would ensure that religious bodies would not be required to solemnize same-sex marriages. The proposal would allow a religious body to decline to officiate at marriages of those "who violate its values, doctrines, and beliefs". The proposal was to have been brought forward in Brazil's Legislature if it was approved by a constitutional committee, though no such change was made prior to the 2014 elections.[42]

In March 2017, the Constitution and Justice Commission of the Brazilian Senate preliminary approved a bill modifying the national Civil Code to recognize stable unions between two persons of the same sex and enabling the conversion of that union into marriage.[43] The proposal replaces the definition of family entity, which goes from "stable union between man and woman" to "stable union between two people", and inserts the provision saying that marriage can be performed between two people, thus replacing the article restricting it to opposite-sex couples.[44] On 3 May, the commission gave its final approval to the bill.[45][46][47] The bill would need to be approved by the full Senate and Chamber of Deputies before becoming law. The bill was not advanced by either legislative chamber prior to the 2018 elections.

Timeline prior to 2013 ruling

Individual cases

In several individual cases, marriage licenses were granted, often through the decision of a judge. Notable cases include:

  • On 27 June 2011, a Brazilian judge in the state of São Paulo converted a civil union into a same-sex marriage.[48] The couple wed the following day.
  • On 28 June 2011, another stable union between a same-sex couple was converted into a marriage. Judge Jennifer Antunes de Souza, from the 4th Family Court of Brasília, upheld the order.[49]
  • On 31 May 2012, a civil partnership contracted by two men in England was converted into a marriage when the couple moved to Brazil.[50] The Brazilian Embassy ruled in favour due to a 2003 decision issued by a judge.
  • On 29 May 2012, four of the six notaries of Porto Alegre, capital of Rio Grande do Sul, agreed to convert civil unions into marriages.[51]
  • On 28 June 2012, in the state of Pará, 28 same-sex couples got married in a ceremony, that took place in Belém.[52]

Statewide

{{see also|Same-sex marriage in Alagoas|Same-sex marriage in Santa Catarina}}

The 2011 Supreme Court decision gave rise to several states explicitly altering their procedures enabling same-sex couples to marry in a manner that is bureaucratically identical to opposite-sex couples. Those states are listed below:

  • On 7 December 2011, the Corregedoria Geral da Justiça of Alagoas ordered the Civil Registry of Alagoas to issue marriage licences to same-sex couples, being the first state to enable same-sex marriages to be recognized in the same way as other marriages.[53][54] The decision took effect on 6 January 2012.
  • On 5 July 2012, the Corregedoria Geral da Justiça of Sergipe issued "Provimento nº 06/2012" regulating same-sex marriage throughout the state.[55]
  • On 9 July 2012, Santa Rita do Sapucaí became the only city in the country (and in the world) to allow same-sex marriages by itself, after the decision of a judge of Minas Gerais (the state of Santa Rita do Sapucaí).[56]
  • On 15 August 2012, the Corregedoria Geral da Justiça of the state of Espírito Santo issued a circular letter stating that the Civil Registry of the state must address same-sex marriages the same way as opposite-sex marriages, making it the third Brazilian state to legalize same-sex marriage.[57]
  • On 26 November 2012, the Corregedoria Geral da Justiça of Bahia adapted the text of the directive regulating marriages to include same-sex marriages in a manner equal to other couples.[7][58][59]
  • On 1 December 2012, a court in the Federal District, ruled that, effective immediately, same-sex marriage licenses should be granted without a judge's intervention.[60]
  • On 15 December 2012, the Corregedoria Geral da Justiça of Piauí updated its marriage provisions in a similar manner.[61][62]
  • On 18 December 2012, the Corregedoria Geral da Justiça of São Paulo did the same, with an entry into effect 60 days later (i.e. 16 February 2013).[6][63]
  • On 7 March 2013, Ceará's state General Attorney, Francisco Sales Neto, ruled in "Decision 02/2013" that all notaries statewide are obligated to accept same-sex marriages. The decision took effect on 15 March 2013.[64][65]
  • On 26 March 2013, the Corregedoria Geral da Justiça of Paraná ruled that same-sex marriages and conversion of stable unions to marriages should be possible using the normal marriage procedures.[66][67][68][69]
  • On 2 April 2013, the Corregedoria Geral da Justiça of Mato Grosso do Sul authorized marriages between same-sex couples in the state.[67][70][71]
  • On 17 April 2013, the Corregedoria Geral da Justiça of Rio de Janeiro, Judge Valmir de Oliveira Silva, published a legal ruling authorizing same-sex marriages in the state if local judges agree.[13] According to the ruling, a couple's request must be registered by civil registry officers, who have to give 15 days for the district to decide if they agree. If they don't agree, the marriage cannot proceed.[72]
  • On 26 April 2013, the Corregedoria Geral da Justiça of the state of Rondônia published in the Diário da Justiça Eletrônico, "Provision 008/2013-CG", which provides for marriages between same-sex couples and conversion of stable unions to marriages in the civil registration records of the state of Rondônia.[73][74][75]
  • On 29 April 2013, the Corregedoria Geral da Justiça of the state of Santa Catarina authorized same-sex marriages in a manner equal to opposite sex couples if both applicants are resident of the state.[76]
  • On 29 April 2013 the Corregedoria Geral da Justiça of the state of Paraíba, Judge Murilo Márcio da Cunha Ramos, authorized the release of "Provision (06/2013)" which enables same-sex marriages.[77][78][79]

Marriage statistics

{{Bar chart
| title = Same-sex marriage statistics in Brazil{{efn|The data for 2018 does not yet include the month of December.[80]}}
| label_type = Year
| data_type = Number of marriages
| data_max = 8,000
| float = right
| label3 = 2013 | data3 = 3,700
| label4 = 2014 | data4 = 4,854
| label5 = 2015 | data5 = 5,614
| label6 = 2016 | data6 = 5,354
| label7 = 2017 | data7 = 5,887
| label8 = 2018 | data8 = 6,956
}}

From May to December 2013, approximately 3,700 same-sex marriages were celebrated in the country. Of these marriages, 52% were between women and 48% were between men.[81]

In 2014, 4,854 same-sex couples married in Brazil. 60,7% of these marriages were performed in the Southeast Region, 15,4% in the South Region, 13,6% in the Northeast Region, 6,9% in the Central-West Region and 3,4% in the North Region.[82] 2,050 same-sex marriages were performed in São Paulo, 501 in Rio de Janeiro, 342 in Santa Catarina, 331 in Minas Gerais, 212 in Rio Grande do Sul, 194 in Paraná, 177 in Pernambuco, 162 in Ceará, 134 in Bahia, 130 in Goiás, 129 in the Federal District, 70 in Maranhão, 63 in Espírito Santo, 58 in Pará, 51 in Mato Grosso do Sul, 47 in Rio Grande do Norte, 45 in Amazonas, 31 in Paraíba, 24 in Amapá, 23 in Mato Grosso, 18 in Alagoas, 18 in Rondônia, 14 in Piauí, 11 in Tocantins, 8 in Sergipe, 6 in Acre and 5 in Roraima.[83]

In 2015, 5,614 same-sex marriages were performed in Brazil, representing a 15.7% increase from 2014. Same-sex marriages, however, accounted for only 0.5% of all marriages celebrated that year.[84]

5,354 same-sex couples got married in Brazil in 2016. Of these, 2,943 were female couples, while 2,411 were male couples. Same-sex marriages accounted for 0.49% of the 1,095,535 marriages performed that year in the whole country.[85]

2018 saw a significant rise in marriages, particularly in the later months of the year, with November seeing a 68% rise compared to 2017.[86]

Religious performance

In June 2018, the Anglican Episcopal Church of Brazil officially changed its canons to permit same-sex marriages. The move was supported by 57 Synod members, while 3 voted against. The Church joined other Anglican provinces, including the American, Scottish and Canadian branches of the Anglican Communion, in performing same-sex marriages in its churches.[87][88]

Public opinion

According to a Pew Research Center survey, conducted between 4 November 2013 and 14 February 2014, 45% of Brazilians supported same-sex marriage, 48% were opposed.[89][90]

According to Ibope, support for same-sex couples having the same rights as different-sex couples in Brazil in 2017 was 49%, with 38% opposing. Support was higher among women, young people, people with higher educational levels and Brazilians living in the South region of the country.[91]

The 2017 AmericasBarometer showed that 52% of Brazilians supported same-sex marriage.[92]

See also

{{Portal|LGBT|Brazil}}
  • LGBT rights in Brazil
  • ADI 4277 and ADPF 132
  • Rcl 12876 and MS 32077
  • Recognition of same-sex unions in the Americas
  • Brazilian Institute of Family Law

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

1. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/cidades,cnj-obriga-cartorios-a-celebrar-casamento-entre-homossexuais,1031678,0.htm |title=CNJ obriga cartórios a celebrar casamento entre homossexuais |language=Portuguese |publisher=Estadao.com.br |date=2013-05-14 |accessdate=2014-04-05}}
2. ^1 2 Brazil judicial panel clears way for gay marriage {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609172419/http://www.france24.com/en/20130514-brazil-judicial-panel-clears-way-gay-marriage |date=9 June 2013 }}
3. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/15/world/americas/brazil-same-sex-marriage/index.html?eref=edition|title=Brazilian judicial council: Notaries must recognize same-sex marriage - CNN.com|author=Marilia Brocchetto, CNN|date=15 May 2013|work=CNN|accessdate=7 May 2016}}
4. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.enca.com/world/brazil-clears-way-gay-marriage|title=Brazil Clears Way For Gay Marriage|publisher=|accessdate=7 May 2016}}
5. ^União civil entre pessoas do mesmo sexo (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender [LGBT] civil unions in Brazil) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223115927/http://jus2.uol.com.br/doutrina/texto.asp?id=554 |date=23 December 2009 }} {{pt icon}}
6. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonblade.com/2012/12/21/brazils-most-populous-state-to-allow-same-sex-marriage/|title=Brazil's most populous state to allow same-sex marriage|work=Washington Blade|date=21 December 2012}}
7. ^1 {{cite news|language=Portuguese|url=http://atarde.uol.com.br/materias/1459659|title=Bahia legaliza casamento entre pessoas do mesmo sexo (Bahia legalizes marriage between people of the same sex|accessdate=20 January 2013|date=10 October 2012|work=A Tarde}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/12/21/brazil-court-ruling-means-all-gay-couples-can-legally-marry-in-the-state-of-sao-paulo/|title=Brazil: Court ruling means all gay couples can legally marry in the state of São Paulo|work=Pink News|accessdate=20 January 2013|date=21 December 2012}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/s%C3%A3o-paulo-court-guarantees-same-sex-marriages211212|title=São Paulo court guarantees same-sex marriages|work=Gay Star News|accessdate=20 January 2012|date=21 December 2012}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/mg/sul-de-minas/noticia/2012/07/apos-liberacao-da-justica-santa-rita-do-sapucai-tem-1-casamento-gay.html|title=G1 - Após liberação da Justiça, Santa Rita do Sapucaí tem 1º casamento gay - notícias em Sul de Minas|work=Sul de Minas|accessdate=7 May 2016}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/mg/sul-de-minas/noticia/2012/07/casamento-homossexual-e-liberado-em-cidade-no-sul-de-minas.html|title=G1 - Casamento homossexual é liberado pela Justiça em cidade no Sul de MG - notícias em Sul de Minas|work=Sul de Minas|accessdate=7 May 2016}}
12. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704810504576307462964225654|date=6 May 2011|author=John Lyons|title=Brazil Top Court Grants Equal Rights to Same-Sex Unions |accessdate=20 January 2012}}
13. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://virgula.uol.com.br/ver/noticia/lifestyle/2013/04/20/324152-rio-de-janeiro-retira-impedimentos-a-casamento-entre-gays|title=Rio de Janeiro state legalizes gay marriage|date=17 April 2013|accessdate= 22 April 2013}}
14. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2013/05/apos-uniao-estavel-gay-podera-casar-em-cartorio-decide-cnj.html|title=G1 - Decisão do CNJ obriga cartórios a fazer casamento homossexual - notícias em Política|work=Política|accessdate=7 May 2016}}
15. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.jb.com.br/pais/noticias/2013/05/14/cnj-obriga-cartorios-a-converterem-uniao-estavel-gay-em-casamento/|title=Jornal do Brasil|work=Jornal do Brasil|accessdate=7 May 2016}}
16. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/15/world/americas/brazilian-court-council-removes-a-barrier-to-same-sex-marriage.html|title= Brazilian Court Council Removes a Barrier to Same-Sex Marriage|work=New York Times|last=Romero|first=Simon|date=May 14, 2013|accessdate=May 15, 2013}}
17. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/05/15/1209206/-country-with-most-Catholics-effectively-legalizes-gay-marriage|title=country with most Catholics effectively legalizes gay marriage|work=DailyKos|author=Teacherken|date=May 15, 2013|accessdate=May 15, 2013}}
18. ^{{pt icon}} DIÁRIO DA JUSTIÇA CONSELHO NACIONAL DE JUSTIÇA Edição nº 89/2013
19. ^{{pt icon}} Regra que obriga cartórios a fazer casamento gay vale a partir do dia 16
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jornalcomunicacao.ufpr.br/node/7987|work=Journal Comunicacao|title=Primeiro casal gay a registrar união no país completa 20 anos|date=18 April 2010|accessdate=16 January 2013|language=Portuguese|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317055941/http://www.jornalcomunicacao.ufpr.br/node/7987|archivedate=17 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.athosgls.com.br/noticias_visualiza.php?contcod=29707|title=Itamaraty reconhece os parceiros Gays de diplomatas brasileiros |date=14 July 2010|accessdate=16 January 2013|language=Portuguese}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.athosgls.com.br/noticias_visualiza.php?contcod=30110|title=Infraero reconhece os cônjuges de seus empregados Homossexuais|date=6 October 2010|accessdate=16 January 2013|language=Portuguese}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://noticias.r7.com/brasil/noticias/supremo-tribunal-federal-reconhece-uniao-estavel-gay-20110506.html|title=Casais gays conquistam 112 direitos com decisão do STF|date=6 May 2011|accessdate=16 January 2013|language=Portuguese}}
24. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/americas/05/05/brazil.same.sex.unions/index.html?iref=allsearch|title=Same-sex unions recognized by Brazil's high court|date=6 May 2011|accessdate=16 January 2013|language=Portuguese}}
25. ^[https://archive.is/20130419051734/http://www.band.com.br/jornalismo/cidades/conteudo.asp?ID=100000440056 Goiás judge annuls first gay union after Supreme Court's decision] {{pt icon}}
26. ^Judge annuls stable union contract between homosexuals {{pt icon}}
27. ^Homosexual union will go back to Supreme Court {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827214054/http://blogs.estadao.com.br/jt-cidades/uniao-homossexual-vai-voltar-ao-stf/ |date=27 August 2011 }} {{pt icon}}
28. ^Brazilian judge declares Supreme Tribunal decision favoring civil unions '{{Sic|nolink=y|unconsi|tutional}}' {{en icon}}
29. ^Judge accused of insubordination that annulled gay union is pastor of Assembleia de Deus {{pt icon}}
30. ^Beatriz cancels decision by Jerônymo Villas Boas {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624191532/http://www.tjgo.jus.br/bw/?p=54488 |date=24 June 2011 }} {{pt icon}}
31. ^Goiás judge who annulled union of gay couple denies being homophobic {{pt icon}}
32. ^{{cite web|url = http://g1.globo.com/pernambuco/noticia/2013/06/fab-reconhece-como-dependente-marido-de-sargento-homossexual.html|title = FAB reconhece como dependente marido de sargento homossexual ("FAB recognizes husband of homosexual Sergeant as dependent")}}
33. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.diariodepernambuco.com.br/app/noticia/vida-urbana/2013/08/08/interna_vidaurbana,454934/justica-e-favoravel-a-uniao-gay-no-exercito.shtml|title = Justiça é favorável à união gay no Exército ("Justice is in favor of gay unions in the Army")|author = Raphael Guerra |publisher = Diario de Pernambuco|date = 2013-08-08}}
34. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.tribunahoje.com/noticia/71917/brasil/2013/08/08/justica-manda-exercito-reconhecer-companheiro-de-sargento-gay.html|title = Justiça manda Exército reconhecer companheiro de sargento gay ("Judge mandates Army recognizes gay partnership of sergeant")|date = August 8, 2013|publisher = Tribuna de Alagoas|author = Staff Reports}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/judges-clear-way-gay-marriage-throughout-brazil140513|title=Judges clear the way for gay marriage throughout Brazil|work=Gay Star News|accessdate=7 May 2016}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ebc.com.br/noticias/brasil/2013/05/psc-recorre-ao-supremo-contra-decisao-do-cnj-sobre-casamento-gay|title=EBC - PSC recorre ao Supremo contra decisão sobre casamento gay|work=EBC|accessdate=7 May 2016}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.opovo.com.br/app/opovo/brasil/2013/05/30/noticiasjornalbrasil,3065587/ministro-do-stf-arquiva-acao-do-psc-contra-casamento-gay.shtml |title=Ministro do STF arquiva aусo do PSC contra casamento gay |publisher=O POVO |date=2013-05-30 |accessdate=2014-04-05}}
38. ^Ministro rejeita pedido de suspensão de casamento gay em cartório {{pt icon}}
39. ^{{pt icon}} PSC entra com nova ação no STF contra casamento gay em cartório
40. ^{{pt icon}} PSC volta a acionar STF contra casamento gay em cartórios
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://oglobo.globo.com/pais/procuradoria-encaminha-para-stf-parecer-favoravel-ao-casamento-gay-9729034|title=Procuradoria encaminha para o STF parecer favorável ao casamento gay|author=O Globo|date=28 August 2013|work=O Globo|accessdate=7 May 2016}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=19415|title=Brazil: proposal would allow churches to decline same-sex marriages|publisher=|date=18 October 2013|work=Catholic World News|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604102250/http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=19415|archivedate=4 June 2016}}
43. ^PROJETO DE LEI DO SENADO nº 612, de 2011 - (CASAL DO MESMO SEXO)
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/el-mundo/comision-de-senado-brasileno-aprueba-reglamentar-como-ley-el-matrimonio-gay-articulo-683616|title=Comisión de Senado brasileño aprueba reglamentar como ley el matrimonio gay|date=8 March 2017|work=El Espectador|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311053834/http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/el-mundo/comision-de-senado-brasileno-aprueba-reglamentar-como-ley-el-matrimonio-gay-articulo-683616|archivedate=11 March 2017}}
45. ^Aprovado na CCJ projeto que legaliza casamento homossexual
46. ^Projeto de Lei do Senado nº 612, de 2011 (Texto final da Comissão)
47. ^Comissão no Senado aprova projeto para legalizar casamento gay
48. ^{{pt icon}} Primeiro casamento civil gay do Brasil é realizado em São Paulo
49. ^{{pt icon}} Juíza converte união estável gay em casamento
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://tj-rs.jusbrasil.com.br/noticias/3140990/reconhecido-casamento-entre-homens-registrado-no-exterior | title=Reconhecido casamento entre homens registrado no exterior|work=Notícias JusBrasil|language=Portuguese|accessdate=15 January 2013}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://zerohora.clicrbs.com.br/rs/geral/noticia/2012/05/casais-gays-encontram-facilidade-para-casar-no-rs-3773719.html|title=Casais gays encontram facilidade para casar no RS|language=Portuguese|work=Zero Hora|accessdate=15 January 2013}}
52. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.diarioonline.com.br/noticia-208180-para-faz-primeiro-casamento-civil-comunitario-gay.html|title=Pará faz primeiro casamento civil comunitário gay|language=Portuguese|work=Diario Online|accessdate=15 January 2013}}
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://acapa.virgula.uol.com.br/politica/alagoas-regulamenta-o-casamento-civil-entre-gays-em-todos-os-cartorios-do-estado/2/14/15493|title=Alagoas regulamenta o casamento civil entre gays em todos os cartórios do estado - Brasil em Política no A Capa|language=Portuguese|work=UOL|accessdate=15 January 2013}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jusbrasil.com.br/diarios/32979605/djal-jurisdicional-e-administrativo-07-12-2011-pg-46|title=PROVIMENTO Nº 40, DE 06 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2011|work=JusBrazil|language=Portuguese|accessdate=31 December 2012|date=7 December 2011}}
55. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tjse.jus.br/corregedoria/documentos/publicacoes/provimentos/2012/provimento-062012.pdf|title=Marriage open to gay couples in Sergipe|language=Portuguese|date=5 July 2012|accessdate=26 February 2013}}
56. ^{{cite web|url=http://valeindependente.wordpress.com/2012/07/12/casamento-entre-pessoas-do-mesmo-sexo-e-liberado-pela-justica-em-santa-rita-do-sapucai/|title=Casamento entre pessoas do mesmo sexo é liberado pela Justiça em Santa Rita do Sapucaí|language=Portuguese|date= 9 July 2012}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cgj.es.gov.br/arquivos/normasinternas/oficioscirculares/2012/Oficio_Circular_59-2012.pdf|title=Espirito Santo's legalization of gay marriage|language=Portuguese|date=15 August 2012|accessdate=26 February 2013}}
58. ^{{cite web|url=http://www5.tjba.jus.br/corregedoria/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=420:uniaohomoafetiva&catid=31:noticias&Itemid=142|title=Provimento Conjunto trata de união homoafetiva|work=Tribunal de Justiça do Estado da Bahia (official web site of the state supreme court)|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927065759/http://www5.tjba.jus.br/corregedoria/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=420%3Auniaohomoafetiva&catid=31%3Anoticias&Itemid=142|archivedate=27 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}
59. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.brasil247.com/pt/247/bahia247/86361/Bahia-já-pode-oficializar-casamento-homoafetivo.htm | language=Portuguese|date=27 November 2012|accessdate=27 November 2012|title=Bahia já pode oficializar casamento homoafetivo |work= Bahia24/7}}
60. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jornaldebrasilia.com.br/site/noticia.php?id=436132|title=Para a lei, já não há mais diferença|trans-title=For the law, there is no difference anymore|language=Portuguese|work=Journal de Brasilia|accessdate=15 January 2013|author=Soraya Sobreira|date=1 December 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601110705/http://www.jornaldebrasilia.com.br/site/noticia.php?id=436132|archivedate=1 June 2013|df=dmy-all}}
61. ^{{cite web|url=http://diariodeteresina.com.br/chamadas/corregedoria-do-tj-regulamenta-casamento-gay-no-piaui/#.UNEVbuSZmSo|title=Corregedoria do TJ regulamenta casamento gay no Piauí|language=Portuguese|work=Diario de Teresina|accessdate=15 January 2013|date=15 December 2012}}
62. ^{{cite web|work=Piauí, Diário da Justiça|date=17 December 2012|url=http://www.tjpi.jus.br/site/uploads/diario/dj121217.pdf|title=provimento N° 24/2012 – CGJ/PI|page=2|language=Portuguese|accessdate=15 January 2013}}
63. ^{{cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/sao-paulo/noticia/2012/12/tribunal-divulga-norma-que-regulamenta-casamento-gay-em-sp.html|title=Tribunal divulga norma que regulamenta casamento gay em SP|language=Portuguese|work=Globo.com|accessdate=15 January 2013|date=18 December 2013}}
64. ^{{cite web|url=http://mixbrasil.uol.com.br/print/OTE0Mzk=|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130407133401/http://mixbrasil.uol.com.br/print/OTE0Mzk=|dead-url=yes|archive-date=7 April 2013|title=Justiça do Ceará autoriza casamento gay|language=Portuguese|work=Mixbrasil.uol.com|accessdate=8 March 2013|date=8 March 2013}}
65. ^{{cite journal|language=Portuguese|publisher=Estado do Ceará, Diário da Justiça Eletrônico|issue=677|pages=8–12|date=8 March 2013|title=Corregadoria geral da Justiça Provimento N.º 02/2013|url=http://esaj.tjce.jus.br/cdje/consultaSimples.do?cdVolume=3&nuDiario=676&cdCaderno=1&nuSeqpagina=8|quote=Os Cartórios de Registro Civil de Pesso as Naturais do Estado de Sergipe deverão receber os pedidos de habilitação para casamento de pessoas do mesmo sexo, procedendo na forma do artigo 1.526 da Lei nº 10.406/2002}}
66. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.parana-online.com.br/editoria/cidades/news/660511/?noticia=CASAMENTO+GAY+ESTA+VALENDO+EM+TODO+O+PARANA|title=Casamento gay está valendo em todo o Paraná|author=Joyce Carvalho|accessdate=5 April 2013|date=4 April 2013|work=Parana-Online|language=Portuguese}}
67. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.athosgls.com.br/noticias_visualiza.php?contcod=34509|language=Portuguese|title=Paraná e Mato Grosso do Sul autorizam casamento gay|date=4 April 2013|accessdate=5 April 2013|work=Athos}}
68. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.luizmodesto.com.br/justica-do-parana-autoriza-casamento-homoafetivo-cartorios-ja-estao-cientes-e-nao-podem-se-negar-a-realizar-unioes |title=Justiça do Paraná autoriza casamentos homoafetivos. Cartórios já estão cientes e não podem se negar a realizar uniões |last=Modesto|first=Luiz |date=26 March 2013 |access-date=2 April 2013 |language=Portuguese|trans-title=Paraná regulates same-sex marriage throughout its territory}}
69. ^{{cite web|quote=Que os magistrados e agentes delegados dos Registros Civis de Pessoas Naturais do Estado do Paraná observem as decisões proferidas pelo Superior Tribunal de Justiça (REsp nº 1.183.378-RS) e por esta Corregedoria da Justiça (autos de consulta nº 2013.49650-9/000), procedendo à habilitação de pessoas do mesmo sexo para o casamento civil, nos termos dos artigos 1.525 e seguintes da Lei Federal nº 10.406/2002 (Código Civil).|title=CGJ-PR divulga instrução sobre procedimentos de habilitação para casamentos homossexuais, instrução normativa Nº 2/2013|accessdate=3 April 2013|date=3 April 2013|work=Promad.com.br|url=http://noticias.promad.adv.br/arpensp/101627/cgj-pr-divulga-instrucao-sobre-procedimentos-de-habilitacao-para-casamentos-homossexuais|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729051738/http://noticias.promad.adv.br/arpensp/101627/cgj-pr-divulga-instrucao-sobre-procedimentos-de-habilitacao-para-casamentos-homossexuais|archivedate=29 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}
70. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.midiamax.com/noticias/844575-tribunal+justica+autoriza+casamento+gay+mato+grosso+sul.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511045833/http://www.midiamax.com/noticias/844575-tribunal+justica+autoriza+casamento+gay+mato+grosso+sul.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=11 May 2013 |title=Tribunal de Justiça autoriza casamento gay em Mato Grosso do Sul |trans-title=Court allows gay marriage in Mato Grosso do Sul |language=Portuguese |accessdate=3 April 2013 }}
71. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jusbrasil.com.br/diarios/52577294/djms-02-04-2013-pg-2|work=Diário de Justiça do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul|title=Provimento Nº 80, de 25 de marco de 2013|accessdate=3 April 2013|quote=Considerando o princípio advindo da decisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal, na ADI 4277/DF, que passou a admitir a habilitação direta para o casamento entre pessoas do mesmo sexo sem a necessidade do prévio reconhecimento da união estável}}
72. ^{{cite web|url=http://acapa.virgula.uol.com.br/politica/mais-um!-rio-de-janeiro-aprova-o-casamento-gay-lei-ja-esta-em-vigor-no-estado/2/14/22027|title=Rio de Janeiro facilita casamento gay em todo estado; uniões ainda passam por aval de juiz|accessdate=23 April 2013|date=19 April 2013|work=Acapa}}
73. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.arpensp.org.br/principal/index.cfm?tipo_layout=SISTEMA&url=noticia_mostrar.cfm&id=18042|title=Casamento entre pessoas do mesmo sexo é autorizado em Rondônia|language=portuguese|date=26 April 2013|accessdate=26 April 2013}}
74. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.orondoniense.com.br/noticias.asp?cd=47567|title=Casamento entre pessoas do mesmo sexo é autorizado em Rondônia|accessdate=26 April 2013|date=26 April 2013|work=Orodoniense|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727100204/http://www.orondoniense.com.br/noticias.asp?cd=47567|archivedate=27 July 2014|df=dmy-all}}
75. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.umoutroolhar.com.br/2013/04/casamento-entre-pessoas-do-mesmo-sexo-e.html|title=Casamento entre pessoas do mesmo sexo é autorizado em Rondônia|accessdate=29 April 2013|date=27 April 2013|work=UmOutroolhar|quote=Dispõe sobre a habilitação direta para o casamento entre pessoas do mesmo sexo e conversão de união estável em casamento nas serventias extrajudiciais do Estado de Rondônia.}}
76. ^{{cite news|title=CGJ autoriza casamento entre pessoas do mesmo sexo em SC|url=http://g1.globo.com/sc/santa-catarina/noticia/2013/04/cgj-autoriza-casamento-entre-pessoas-do-mesmo-sexo-em-sc.html|work=Globo|date=29 April 2013|accessdate=30 April 2013|language=Portuguese}}
77. ^{{cite web|url=http://portalcorreio.uol.com.br/noticias/justica/decisoes/2013/04/29/NWS,223189,40,275,NOTICIAS,2190-PARAIBA-SER-13O-ESTADO-BRASILEIRO-CONSENTIR-CASAMENTO-HOMOAFETIVO.aspx|language=Portuguese|date=29 April 2013|accessdate=30 April 2013|title=Paraíba passa a ser o 13º Estado brasileiro a consentir o casamento homoafetivo}}
78. ^{{cite web|url=https://app.tjpb.jus.br/dje/rest/ultimosdiarios/diario/30_04_2013|title=ATOS DA CORREGEDORIA-GERAL|work=Diario do Justica Electronico|accessdate=30 April 2013|date=29 April 2013|language=Portuguese|page=4}}
79. ^{{cite web|url=http://mixbrasil.uol.com.br/pride/pride/paraiba-autoriza-casamento-gay.html|title=Paraíba autoriza casamento gay|work=Mix Brasil|accessdate=30 April 2013|date=29 April 2013|language=Portuguese}}
80. ^{{pt icon}} [https://athosgls.com.br/efeito-bolsonaro-casamento-lgbt-cresce-65-em-novembro-ante-2017/ Efeito Bolsonaro: casamento LGBT cresce 65% em novembro ante 2017]
81. ^[https://www.glaad.org/blog/how-first-year-same-sex-marriages-brazil-went How the first year of same-sex marriages in Brazil went?]
82. ^{{pt icon}} Casamentos gays aumentam 31,2% em 2014 no Brasil, diz IBGE
83. ^Vital Statistics 2014: Marriages
84. ^{{sp icon}} Crecen un 500% más los matrimonios homosexuales que los heterosexuales
85. ^{{pt icon}} [https://oglobo.globo.com/sociedade/em-quatro-anos-cartorios-registram-195-mil-casamentos-gays-no-pais-22069373 Em quatro anos, cartórios registram 19,5 mil casamentos gays no país]
86. ^{{pt icon}} [https://catracalivre.com.br/cidadania/efeito-bolsonaro-casamento-lgbt-cresce-65-em-novembro-ante-2017/ Efeito Bolsonaro: casamento LGBT cresce 65% em novembro ante 2017]
87. ^Brazil’s Anglican Church changes its canons to permit same-sex marriage, Anglican News, 4 June 2018
88. ^[https://www.episcopalnewsservice.org/2018/06/04/brazils-anglican-church-changes-its-canons-to-permit-same-sex-marriage/ Brazil’s Anglican Church changes its canons to permit same-sex marriage], Episcopal News Service, 4 June 2018
89. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/chapter-5-social-attitudes/|title=Social Attitudes on Moral Issues in Latin America - Pew Research Center|date=13 November 2014|work=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|accessdate=7 May 2016}}
90. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/appendix-a-methodology/|title=Appendix A: Methodology|date=13 November 2014|work=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|accessdate=7 May 2016}}
91. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ibopeinteligencia.com/arquivos/JOB_0296_O%20DILEMA%20DO%20BRASILEIRO%20-%20Relatório%20de%20tabelas%20(divulgação).pdf|title=Project|page=17|accessdate=29 December 2017}}
92. ^{{es icon}} [https://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/dr/AB2016-17_Dominican_Republic_Country_Report_W_12.11.17.pdf CULTURA POLÍTICA DE LA DEMOCRACIA EN LA REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA Y EN LAS AMÉRICAS, 2016/17]
{{Brazilian LGBT nightclubs and events}}{{Brazil topics}}{{South America in topic|Recognition of same-sex unions in}}{{Status of same-sex unions}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Recognition Of Same-Sex Unions In Brazil}}

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