“Sample (material)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In general, a sample is a limited quantity of something which is intended to be similar to and represent a larger amount of that thing(s).^[1] The things could be countable objects such as individual items available as units for sale, or an uncountable material. Even though the word "sample" implies a smaller quantity taken from a larger amount, sometimes full biological or mineralogical specimens are called samples if they are taken for analysis, testing, or investigation like other samples.^[2] An act of obtaining a sample is called "sampling,"^[3] which can be performed manually by a person or via an automated method. Samples of material can be taken or provided for testing, analysis, investigation, quality control, demonstration, or trial use. Sometimes, sampling may be continuously ongoing.^[4]^[5]

In the field of science, a representative liquid sample taken from a larger amount of liquid is sometimes called an "aliquot."^[6]

Sample characteristics

The material may be solid, liquid, gas; a material of some intermediate characteristics such as gel or sputum, tissue, and organisms; or a combination of these. Even if a material sample is not countable as individual items, the quantity of the sample may still be describable in terms of its volume, mass, size, or other such dimensions. A solid sample can come in one or a few discrete pieces, or it can be fragmented, granular, or powdered.^[7] A section of a rod, wire, cord, sheeting, or tubing may be considered a sample. Samples which are not a solid piece are commonly kept in a container of some sort.

See also

References

1. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aW0zkZl0JgQC&pg=PA1592 |title=Mosby's Medical Dictionary |editor=O'Toole, M.T. |publisher=Elsevier Mosby |edition=9th |page=1592 |year=2011 |isbn=9780323085410}}
2. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnFa_Y2FmDYC&pg=PA45 |chapter=Collecting and Archiving Wildlife Specimens in Canada |title=Environmental Specimen Banking and Monitoring as Related to Banking |author=Elliott, J.E. |editor=Lewis, R.A. |editor2=Stein, N. |editor3=Lewis, C.W. |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |year=1984 |pages=45–66 |isbn=0898386217}}
3. ^{{cite book |url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-09/documents/marssim_manual_rev1.pdf |format=PDF |chapter=Chapter 7: Sampling and Preparation for Laboratory Measurements |title=Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation Manual (MARSSIM) |author=Department of Defense |author2=Environmental Protection Agency |author3=Nuclear Regulatory Commission |publisher=Nuclear Regulatory Commission |page=7-1 |year=2000 |quote=Sampling is the process of collecting a portion of an environmental medium as representative of the locally remaining medium. |accessdate=5 July 2018}}
4. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWcNDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 |title=Engineering Tools for Environmental Risk Management - 3: Site Assessment and Monitoring Tools |editor=Gruiz, K. |editor2=Meggyes, T. |editor3=Fenyvesi, É. |publisher=CRC Press |page=43 |year=2016 |isbn=9781315778761}}
5. ^{{cite journal |title=Variations between Continuous and Spot‐Sampling Techniques in Monitoring a Change in River‐Water Quality |journal=Water and Environment Journal |author=Hazelton, C. |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=124–9 |year=1998 |doi=10.1111/j.1747-6593.1998.tb00161.x}}
6. ^{{cite book |url=https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/A/A00218.html |chapter=aliquot |title=Compendium of Chemical Terminology |editor=McNaught, A.D. |editor2=Wilkinson, A. |publisher=Blackwell Scientific Publications |edition=2nd |page=A00218 |year=2008 |isbn=0967855098 |doi=10.1351/goldbook.A00218 |accessdate=5 July 2018}}
7. ^{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 1: Preparation of Liquid and Solid Samples |title=Handbook of Spectroscopy |author=Cullum, B.M. |author2=Vo-Dinh, T. |editor=Gauglitz, G. |editor2=Moore, D.S. |publisher=Wiley |edition=2nd, Enlarged |pages=3–14 |year=2014 |isbn=9783527654703 |doi=10.1002/9783527654703.ch1}}