| 词条 | Samuel B. Griffith |
| 释义 |
|name= Samuel B. Griffith II |birth_date= {{birth date|1906|5|31}} |death_date= {{death date and age|1983|3|27|1906|5|31}} |birth_place= Lewistown, Pennsylvania |death_place= Newport, Rhode Island |placeofburial= |placeofburial_label= Place of burial |image= Samuel B. Griffith II.jpg |caption= Samuel B. Griffith |nickname= |allegiance= {{flagicon|United States}} United States of America |branch= United States Marine Corps |serviceyears= 1929 – 1956 |rank= Brigadier General |commands=1st Raider Battalion 3rd Marine Regiment U.S. Marine Forces, Tsingtao |unit= |battles=Banana Wars *Occupation of Nicaragua World War II *Guadalcanal campaign *Battle of New Georgia |awards= Navy Cross Distinguished Service Cross Purple Heart |relations= }} Brigadier General Samuel B. Griffith II (May 31, 1906 – March 27, 1983), was an officer and commander in the United States Marine Corps. Griffith entered the Marines in 1929 after graduating from the United States Naval Academy. He served in and commanded Marine units in the Pacific theater of World War II and retired from service in 1956. After his retirement, Griffith wrote several books and numerous articles on military history and lectured widely. He died on March 27, 1983 in Rhode Island. Early life through World War IIGriffith was born May 31, 1906, in Lewistown, Pennsylvania. Upon graduation from the U.S. Naval Academy with a B.S. in Electrical Engineering in 1929, he accepted a commission as a second lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps. Prior to World War II, he took part in the Second Nicaraguan Campaign, and served in China, Cuba, and England. From 1935 to 1938, he studied the Chinese language while attached to the U.S. Embassy in Beijing, where he mastered Chinese. During World War II, following a period observing British commando training in England and Scotland, he returned to the 1st Marine Division and served as executive officer and later commander of the 1st Marine Raiders Battalion on Guadalcanal, and executive officer of the 1st Raider Regiment in operations on New Georgia. He received the Navy Cross on Guadalcanal in September 1942 for "extreme heroism and courageous devotion to duty" during the fighting near the Matanikau River. During this action, Griffith suffered wounds for which he was awarded the Purple Heart. For his exploits in July in New Georgia, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.[1] Post-war careerFrom 1946 to 1947, he held staff positions in Qingdao, China, giving him a front-row seat to observe the escalating Chinese Civil War. After participating in the post-World War II occupation of North China, where he commanded the 3rd Marine Regiment and later the U.S. Marine Forces in Qingdao, he was a student and then a faculty member at the U.S. Naval War College in Newport from 1947 to 1950. From 1951 to 1952, he was Chief of Staff, Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic, and from 1953 to 1956, General Griffith was on the staff of the U.S. Commander in Chief, Europe. He retired from the Marine Corps in 1956, after completing more than 25 years of active service.[1] Post-retirement careerFollowing his retirement, General Griffith entered Oxford University (New College) and was awarded his D.Phil. in Chinese Military History in 1961. With an interest in China and the Chinese language dating back to pre-World War II days, he translated Mao Zedong's On Guerrilla War in 1961 and Sun Tzu's The Art of War in 1963. The latter is much more than a mere translation. It incorporates numerous ancient Chinese commentaries on "The Art of War," and also culls a variety of ancient sources for the chapters on Sun Tzu's biography, the evolution of the text, the Warring States period, ancient warfare, and a comparison with Mao Zedong's military thought. Griffith is the first translator to use the English term "death ground" for "[g]round in which the army survives only if it fights with the courage of desperation" (Book XI, 10). The word choice is perhaps evocative of both the hard work of translation and of the author's experiences at Guadalcanal and New Georgia. Other translators of Sun Tzu lack the insights derived from Griffith's long military experience Griffith also wrote the definitive The Battle for Guadalcanal, The Chinese People's Liberation Army, and, his last major work, In Defense of the Public Liberty, a book concerned with the Revolutionary War. He was a Research Fellow, China Study, at the Council on Foreign Relations and a member of the Institute for Defense Studies in London. General Griffith published widely in such journals as The New Yorker, Saturday Evening Post, U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, Town & Country, Marine Corps Gazette, and Foreign Affairs. He has also lectured widely at such establishments as the Armed Forces Staff College, United States Military Academy, Foreign Policy Association, and Marine Corps Schools. General Griffith was a life member of the 1st Marine Raider Association and the 1st Marine Division Association. He died unexpectedly on March 27, 1983 in Newport, Rhode Island.[1] See also{{Portal|Biography|World War II|United States Marine Corps}}Works
|last = |first = |authorlink = |year = 1963 |chapter = |title = Mao Tse-tung on Guerilla Warfare |publisher = Praeger Publishers |location = |id = ASIN: B000BWCGJ0 }}
|last1 = Sun |first1 = Wu |authorlink = Sun Tzu |last2 = Griffith |first2 = Samuel B. (trans.) |year = 1963 |chapter = |title = Sun Tzu: The Art of War |publisher = Oxford University Press |location = |id = ASIN: B000PT0BGY |isbn = 0-19-501476-6 }}
|last = |first = |authorlink = |year = 1963 |chapter = |title = The Battle for Guadalcanal |publisher = University of Illinois Press |location = Champaign, Illinois, US |isbn = 0-252-06891-2 }}
|last = |first = |authorlink = |year = 1974 |chapter = |title = History of the Second World War |publisher = BPC Publishing |location = Hicksville, NY, USA |id = }} Notes1. ^1 2 History Division, USMC ReferencesBooks
|last = Alexander |first = Joseph H. |year = 2000 |title = Edson's Raiders: The 1st Marine Raider Battalion in World War II |publisher = Naval Institute Press |location = |isbn = 1-55750-020-7 }}
|last = Frank |first = Richard |authorlink = Richard B. Frank |year = 1990 |title = Guadalcanal: The Definitive Account of the Landmark Battle |publisher = Random House |location = New York |isbn = 0-394-58875-4 }}
|last = Smith |first = Michael T. |authorlink = |year = 2000 |chapter = |title = Bloody Ridge: The Battle That Saved Guadalcanal |publisher = Pocket |location = New York |isbn = 0-7434-6321-8 }} Web
|last = History Division |first = |authorlink = |url = http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Whos_Who/Griffith_SB.htm |title = BRIGADIER GENERAL SAMUEL BLAIR GRIFFITH II, USMC (DECEASED) |work = Who's Who in Marine Corps History |pages = |publisher = United States Marine Corps |language = |accessdate = 2006-03-19 }}
|last = Hoffman |first = Jon T. |authorlink = |year = 1995 |url = http://www.nps.gov/archive/wapa/indepth/extContent/usmc/pcn-190-003130-00/index.htm |title = FROM MAKIN TO BOUGAINVILLE: Marine Raiders in the Pacific War |format = brochure |work = Marines in World War II Commemorative Series |pages = |publisher = Marine Corps Historical Center |language = |accessdate = 2006-03-19 }}
|last = Hough |first = Frank O. |authorlink = |author2=Ludwig, Verle E. |author3=Shaw, Henry I. Jr. |url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/I/index.html |title = Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal |work = History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II |pages = |publisher = |language = |accessdate = 2006-05-16 }}
|last = Shaw |first = Henry I. |authorlink = |year = 1992 |url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-C-Guadalcanal/index.html |title = First Offensive: The Marine Campaign For Guadalcanal |work = Marines in World War II Commemorative Series |pages = |publisher = |language = |accessdate = 2006-07-25 }}
|last = Zimmerman |first = John L. |authorlink = |year = 1949 |url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-M-Guadalcanal.html |title = The Guadalcanal Campaign |work = Marines in World War II Historical Monograph |pages = |publisher = |language = |accessdate = 2006-07-04 }}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Griffith, Samuel B.}} 9 : 1906 births|1983 deaths|American Marine Corps personnel of World War II|People of the Banana Wars|Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)|People from Lewistown, Pennsylvania|Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|United States Marine Corps generals|Marine Raiders |
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