| 词条 | Samuel Bowles (economist) |
| 释义 |
| name = Samuel Bowles | school_tradition = Neo-Marxian economics | image = Sam Bowles (2015).jpg | image_size = | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1939|01|06}} | birth_place = New Haven, Connecticut, U.S. | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = American | institution = University of Massachusetts Amherst | field = Economic theory, Microeconomics, Social psychology | alma_mater = Harvard University (PhD) Yale University (B.A.) | influences = Karl Marx, Karl Polanyi | influenced = Herbert Gintis Duncan K. Foley | contributions = Schooling in Capitalist America | awards = | signature = }}Samuel Stebbins Bowles ({{IPAc-en|b|oʊ|l|z}}; born January 6, 1939),[1] is an American economist and Professor Emeritus at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where he continues to teach courses on microeconomics and the theory of institutions.[2] His work belongs to the neo-Marxian[3][4][5] (variably called post-Marxian)[6][7][8] tradition of economic thought. However, his perspective on economics is eclectic and draws on various schools of thought, including what he and others refer to as post-Walrasian economics.[9] BiographyBowles, the son of U.S. Ambassador and Connecticut Governor Chester Bowles,[10] graduated with a B.A. from Yale University in 1960, where he was a founding member of the Yale Russian Chorus, participating in their early tours of the Soviet Union. Subsequently, he received his PhD in Economics from Harvard University in 1965 with the thesis titled The Efficient Allocation of Resources in Education: A Planning Model with Applications to Northern Nigeria. In 1973, the Economics Department of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, where Bowles taught until 2001, hired him along with Herbert Gintis, Stephen Resnick, Richard D. Wolff and Richard Edwards as part of a "radical package". Currently, Bowles is a Professor of Economics at the University of Siena, Italy and the Arthur Spiegel Research Professor and Director of the Behavioral Sciences Program at the Santa Fe Institute in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Additionally, Bowles continues to teach graduate-level courses in microeconomics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.[11] In 2006, Bowles was awarded the Leontief Prize for his outstanding contribution to economic theory by the Global Development and Environment Institute. WorkBowles has challenged economic theories that free markets and inequality maximize efficiency and argued that self-interested financial incentives can produce behavior that is inefficient and violates a society's morality. He has argued that economies with less inequality, such as Asian countries, have outperformed economies with more inequality, such as Latin American countries. Academic work and interestsOn his website at the Santa Fe Institute, he describes his two main academic interests as first, "the co-evolution of preferences, institutions and behavior, with emphasis on the modeling and empirical study of cultural evolution, the importance and evolution of non-self-regarding motives in explaining behavior, and applications of these studies to policy areas such as intellectual property rights, the economics of education and the politics of government redistributive programs"; and the second being concerned with "the causes and consequences of economic inequality, with emphasis on the relationship between wealth inequalities, incomplete contracts, and governance of economic transactions in firms, markets, families and communities".[12] Bowles frequently collaborates with his former colleague Herbert Gintis (another Emeritus Professor of Economics from Umass Amherst), both of whom were asked by Martin Luther King Jr. to write background papers for the 1968 Poor People's March.[13] In addition, he works with and is supported by the MacArthur Research Network on Preferences, the MacArthur Research Network on the Effects of Inequality on Economic Performance and the Behavioral Sciences Program at the Santa Fe Institute. Bowles was one of the founders of economics curriculum reform initiative CORE Project which seeks to update the undergraduate curriculum to integrate topics such as altruism, inequality and environmental economics. He is a member of its steering group. It has published a free, online open-access textbook called The Economy, for which Bowles is one of the authors. Bowles is the author of numerous scholarly articles and books, among which A Cooperative Species. Human Reciprocity and Its Evolution (2011) and Schooling in Capitalist America, first published in 1976. Selfishness vs. altruismBowles has recently studied the way that people are motivated by selfishness and the desire to maximize their own income as compared to altruism and the desire to do a good job and be well regarded by others. Real-world experiments show that contrary to traditional economic theories market incentives destroy cooperation and are less efficient than voluntary, altruistic behavior "in most cases".[14] People act not only for material interests, but also "to constitute themselves as dignified, autonomous, and moral individuals". Behavioral experiments suggest that "economic incentives may be counterproductive when they signal that selfishness is an appropriate response" and "undermine the moral values that lead people to act altruistically". Bowles gives the example of day care centers in Haifa, where a fine was imposed on parents who were late picking up their children at the end of the day. Rather than avoiding late pick-ups, parents responded by doubling the fraction of time they arrived late. After 12 weeks, the fine was revoked, but the enhanced tardiness persisted unabated. According to Bowles, this illustrates a "kind of negative synergy" between economic incentives and moral behavior, further stating: "The fine seems to have undermined the parents' sense of ethical obligation to avoid inconveniencing the teachers and led them to think of lateness as just another commodity they could purchase". Bowles cites research by Ernst Fehr and others establishing that behavioral experiments modeling the voluntary provision of public goods show that "substantial fractions of most populations adhere to moral rules, willingly give to others, and punish those who offend standards of appropriate behavior, even at a cost to themselves and with no expectation of material reward". Diego Rivera's mural of factory workers at Ford's River Rouge assembly plant shows that according to Bowles organizations motivate members "by appealing to other-regarding motives such as the desire to do a good job and a sense of reciprocal obligations among members of a firm". In most cases, "[i]ncentives undermine ethical motives" as they "may frame a decision problem and thereby suggest self-interest as appropriate behavior". Simply using market terminology offers justifications for actions that would otherwise be unjustifiable. Economic structures of societies produce people with different values. In a game in which individuals could choose how much to withdraw from a common pool ("the forest"), the withdrawal that maximized the gains of the group was substantially less than the withdrawal that maximized the gains of the individual. When subjects were trained in a game with incentives to be selfish, they continue to be selfish even when they play in a second game without those incentives. In a "regulation" model where individuals were fined for "overexploitation", their behavior was entirely self-interested. In a society, "if the relevant incentives allow the selfish to exploit the civic-minded, then the latter are less likely to be copied". Studies of 15 small-scale societies shows that "individuals from the more market-integrated societies were also more fair-minded" in that they made more generous offers and preferred to reject an unfair offer even at the cost of receiving nothing. In these societies, "individuals engaging in mutually beneficial exchanges with strangers represent models of successful behavior who are then copied by others". Inequality vs. economic success"What is the relationship between inequality and the economic success of nations, firms, and local communities?", Bowles asks. At the University of California, Berkeley, he and other researchers have challenged two views long held by most economists, namely that inequality goes hand-in-hand with a nation's economic success and that reducing economic inequalities inevitably compromises efficiency. For instance, he wrote that "East Asian countries with relatively level distributions of income have dramatically outperformed Latin American countries with less equal income distributions. Investments in the nutrition, health and education of poor children have produced not only more economic opportunity but higher economic performance. Indeed, emerging economic theory suggests that inequality may have adverse effects, blunting productive incentives and fueling costly conflicts between haves and have-nots".[15] The traditional debate has been polarized, Bowles said, between ideal models of equality that overlooked the role of incentives and idealized models of the private market that overlooked inequality. The Berkeley group studied four questions:
Publications
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References1. ^{{cite web | title = Bowles, Samuel | url = http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79111516.html | publisher = Library of Congress | accessdate = October 30, 2014 | quote = data view (born Jan. 6, 1939)}} 2. ^Samuel Bowles {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830080204/http://www.umass.edu/economics/faculty.html |date=August 30, 2006 }} UMass Amherst Dept. of Economics Faculty. 3. ^{{cite journal | first = J. R. | last = Stanfield | title = Veblenian and Neo-Marxian Perspectives on the Cultural Crisis of Late Capitalism | journal = Journal of Economic Issues | year = 1989 | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages = 717–734 | jstor = 4226169}} 4. ^{{cite journal | first = F. | last = Green | first2 = T. E. | last2 = Weisskopf | title = The Worker Discipline Effect: A Disaggregative Analysis | journal = Review of Economics and Statistics | year = 1990 | volume = 72 | issue = 2 | pages = 241–249 | jstor = 2109713}} 5. ^{{cite journal | first = P. L. | last = Mason | title = Variable Labor Effort, Involuntary Unemployment, and Effective Demand: Irreconcilable Concepts? | journal = Journal of Post Keynesian Economics | year = 1993 | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 427–442 | jstor = 4538355}} 6. ^Samuel Bowles, "Post-marxian economics: Labour, learning and history", Social Science Information, Volume 24 (3): 507, SAGE – September 1, 1985. 7. ^Barry Stewart Clark, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3bJHvA1H-2kC&dq= Political economy: a comparative approach], ABC-CLIO, 1998, p. 67. 8. ^Richard D. Wolff and Stephen Cullenberg, "Marxism and Post-Marxism", Social Text 15 (Fall 1986), 126–135. 9. ^{{cite book | title = Markets and Democracy: Participation, Accountability and Efficiency | year = 1993 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 9780511983580 | url = http://ebooks.cambridge.org/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9780511983580&cid=CBO9780511983580A010 | author1 = Bowles, Samuel | author2 = Herbert Gintis | lastauthoramp = yes | editor = Bowles, Samuel | editor2 = Herbert Gintis | editor3 = Bo Gustafsson | accessdate = November 27, 2012 | pages = 1–10 | chapter = Post-Walrasian Political Economy}} 10. ^Schaffer, Howard B., Chester Bowles: New Dealer in the Cold War, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993, p. 13. 11. ^UMass Amherst Fall 2010 Schedule of Classes {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629171432/http://www.umass.edu/registrar/media/sched_1107.pdf |date=June 29, 2011 }} 12. ^Samuel Bowles 13. ^"Born Poor? Santa Fe economist Samuel Bowles says you better get used to it" 14. ^{{cite journal | journal = Science | date = June 20, 2008 | volume = 320 | pages = 1605–1609 | title = Policies designed for self-interested citizens may undermine "the moral sentiments": Evidence from economic experiments | author = Samuel Bowles | url = http://tuvalu.santafe.edu/~bowles/Castle/BackgroundReadings/SelfInterestedCitizens.pdf | doi = 10.1126/science.1152110 | issue = 5883 | pmid=18566278}} 15. ^Samuel Bowles Home Page of the Network on the Effects of Inequality on Economic Performance External links{{Wikiquote|Samuel Bowles}}
14 : Neuroeconomists in Psychiatry|1939 births|Behavioral economists|Complex systems scientists|Marxian economists|Living people|Guggenheim Fellows|Scientists from New Haven, Connecticut|Harvard University alumni|Yale University alumni|University of Siena faculty|University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty|Santa Fe Institute people|Economists from Connecticut |
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