| 词条 | Samuel Maharero |
| 释义 |
Samuel Maharero (1856 – 14 March 1923) was a Paramount Chief of the Herero people in German South West Africa (today Namibia) during their revolts and in connection with the events surrounding the Herero genocide. Today he is considered a national hero in Namibia. Life{{More footnotes|section|date=September 2014}}Samuel Maharero was son to Maharero, an important Herero warrior and cattle raider. He was baptised in 1869[1] and went to the local Lutheran schools, where he was seen as a potential priest. When his father died in 1890, he gained the chieftainship in the area of Okahandja, although he did not gain much of his father's wealth and cattle according to Herero inheritance customs. Initially, he maintained fairly good relations with the German colonial administration under Theodor Leutwein. However, increasing problems, involving attacks by German farmers, economic difficulties and pests, and the use of Herero land for railroads, diminished relations. Angered by the ill-treatment of the Herero people by German settlers and colonial administrators, who viewed the tribes as a cheap source of labor for cotton and other export crops, Marero secretly planned a revolt with the other chiefs against the German presence, though he was well aware of the odds against him. In a famous letter to Hendrik Witbooi, the Namaqua chief, Maharero sought to build alliances with the other tribes, exclaiming "Let us die fighting!"[2] War against GermanyThe initial attacks in the revolt, begun on January 12, 1904, were successful and involved the killings of 123 persons, mostly German landowners (Marero had issued an order to his forces to avoid harming Boers, English, missionaries, and other non-German whites).[3] By January 14, mounted Herero raiders had reached Omarasa, and the Waldau and Waterberg post offices were destroyed. The Waterberg military station was occupied by Herero and all soldiers under the command of Unteroffizier Gustav Rademacher were killed. Maharero, the Herero leader, allowed missionaries with a small number of German women and children free passage to Okahandja. They reached their destination on April 9, 1904. On January 16, Gobabis was besieged and a German military company was ambushed and destroyed near Otjiwarongo. After this loss, Leutwein was replaced as military leader by Lothar von Trotha, who brought 15,000 troops and created a bounty of 5,000 marks for the capture of Maharero. Herero forces were defeated by colonial forces using breech-loading artillery and 14 Maxim belt-fed machine guns at the Battle of Waterberg on August 11, 1904 and the remaining Hereros (including women, children, and the elderly) were driven into the deserts of the Omaheke Region. Tens of thousands of the Herero died of thirst, starvation, or disease. Those who attempted surrender were shot. After the extermination order was countermanded by Berlin, captured survivors were sent to a concentration camp at Shark Island. Maharero succeeded in leading around 1000 of his people to the British Bechuanaland Protectorate (today Botswana). He remained leader of the exiled Herero, and became an important vassal of Sekgathôlê a Letsholathêbê, a chief in northern Bechuanaland. Samuel Maharero died there in March 1923, and his body was temporarily buried in Bechuanaland.[4] On August 23, 1923, his body was returned to Okahandja and was ceremoniously reburied alongside his ancestors, an occasion that the Herero people still celebrate on Herero Day. RecognitionSamuel Maharero is one of nine national heroes of Namibia that were identified at the inauguration of the country's Heroes' Acre near Windhoek. Founding president Sam Nujoma remarked in his inauguration speech on 26 August 2002 that:
Maharero is honoured in form of a granite tombstone with his name engraved and his portrait plastered onto the slab.[5] ReferencesNotes1. ^{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/611198756|title=Mission, Church and state relations in South West Africa under German rule (1884-1915)|last=Ole.|first=Oermann, Nils|date=1999|publisher=F. Steiner|isbn=351507578X|oclc=611198756}} 2. ^Gewald, Jan-Bart, Herero Heroes: A Socio-political History of the Herero of Namibia, 1890-1923, London: James Curry Ltd (1999), ISBN 082557493, p. 156 3. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20422757|title=The history and sociology of genocide : analyses and case studies|last=1937-|first=Chalk, Frank Robert,|date=1990|publisher=Yale University Press|others=Jonassohn, Kurt., Montreal Institute for Genocide Studies.|isbn=0300044461|location=New Haven|oclc=20422757}} 4. ^{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/961903227|title=Re-viewing resistance in Namibian history|last=editor.|first=Silvester, Jeremy,|isbn=9789991642284|oclc=961903227}} 5. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.namibia-1on1.com/a-central/heroes-acre-2.html|title=Heroes' Acre Namibia Opening Ceremony - inaugural speech|last=Nujoma|first=Sam|authorlink=Sam Nujoma|date=26 August 2002|publisher=via namibia-1on1.com}} Literature
External links{{commonscatinline}}{{s-start}}{{succession box|title=Paramount Chief of the Herero people|years=1890–1917|before=Maharero|after=Hosea Kutako}}{{s-end}}{{Herero Paramount Chiefs}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Maherero, Samuel}} 8 : 1856 births|1923 deaths|Herero and Namaqua genocide|People from Otjozondjupa Region|Herero people|Namibian chiefs|National heroes of Namibia|Namibian revolutionaries |
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