| 词条 | Samuel Pallache |
| 释义 |
| honorific_prefix = | name = Samuel Pallache | honorific_suffix = | image = Rembrandt_Man_in_Oriental_Costume.jpg | image_upright = | image_size = | alt = | caption = "Man in Oriental Costume" by Rembrandt ca. 1633-1634, thought to be Samuel Pallache | native_name_lang = | pronunciation = | birth_name = | birth_date = circa 1550 | birth_place = Fez, Morocco | death_date = February 4, 1616 | death_place = The Hague, Netherlands | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | burial_place = Beth Haim of Ouderkerk aan de Amstel | burial_coordinates = | monuments = | residence = | nationality = | other_names = alternative spellings of surname: Palache, Palacio, Palatio, Palachio, Palazzo[1] | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = | years_active = 1580s - 1616 (death) | era = | employer = | known_for = Moroccan-Dutch trade agreement (1608) | notable_works = first Portuguese minyan Amsterdam[2] | home_town = | criminal_charge = Piracy | criminal_penalty = Case dismissed | spouse = Reina (Hebrew Malca) | partner = | children = Isaac (and Jacob/Carlos) | parents = Isaac Pallache, rabbi | relatives = Joseph Pallache (brother) and nephews Isaac, Joshua, David, Moses, Abraham | family = Pallache family | awards = | website = }} Samuel Pallache (Hebrew: 'שמואל פאלאץ, Shmuel Palach, c. 1550 – February 4, 1616) was a Jewish Moroccan-born merchant, diplomat, and pirate of the Pallache family, who, as envoy, concluded a treaty with the Dutch Republic in 1608.[1] He is likely an ancestor of Haim Palachi of 19th-century Izmir. BackgroundPallache was born in Fez, Morocco. His father, Isaac Pallache, was a rabbi there, first mentioned in takkanot (Jewish community statutes) in 1588. His brother was Joseph Pallache. His uncle was Fez's grand rabbi, Judah Uziel; his son Isaac Uziel was a rabbi of the Neve Shalom community in Amsterdam.[1] His family originated from Islamic Spain, where his father had served as rabbi in Córdoba. According to Professor Mercedes García-Arenal, "The Pallaches were a Sephardi family perhaps descended from the Bene Palyāj mentioned by the twelfth-century chronicler Abraham Ibn Da’ud as 'the greatest of the families of Cordoba'."[3] In the first half of the 16th century, following the Christian conquest of Islamic Spain (the Reconquista), the family fled to Morocco, where Jews, like Christians, were tolerated as long as they accepted Islam as the official religion. How they arrived is unclear. One Italian historian states, "Verso i Paesi Bassi emigra anche la famiglia Pallache, forse dal Portogallo o dalla Spagna, oppure, secundo un'altra ipotesti, dalla nativa Spagna emigra a Fez, dove un Isaac Pallache è rabbino nel 1588" ( "The Pallache family also emigrated to the Netherlands, perhaps from Portugal or Spain, or, according to another hypothesis, they emigrated [directly] from their native Spain to Fez, where one Isaac Pallache was rabbi in 1588.")[4] (The surname is spelled "Palache" on his death certificate.[5] He signed his name also as "Palacio" and "Palatio"; other Dutch records show "Palatio," "Palachio," and "Palazzo."[1] As the family spread out of the Iberian peninsula, so did the spellings, which include: de Palatio, al-Palas, Pallas, Palaggi, Balyash,[6] as well as Palacci,[7] Palaty,[8] Palatie,[8] and Paliache[9] There are also Tunisian Jews with the surnames "Palatgi" and "Paligi."[10] Palacci is listed as a Spanish Sephardic name:[11] Pallache is listed as a Portuguese Sephardic name.[12]) CareerAfter a delegation from the Dutch Republic visited Morocco to discuss a common alliance against Spain and the Barbary pirates, sultan Zidan Abu Maali in 1608 appointed the merchant Samuel Pallache to be his envoy to the Dutch government in The Hague. Officially, Pallache served as his "agent", not ambassador. On June 23, 1608, Pallache met stadholder Maurice of Nassau and the States-General in The Hague to negotiate an alliance of mutual assistance against Spain. On December 24, 1610, the two nations signed the Treaty of Friendship and Free Commerce, an agreement recognising free commerce between the Netherlands and Morocco, and allowing the sultan to purchase ships, arms and munitions from the Dutch.[15] This was one of the first official treaties between a European country and a non-Christian nation, after the 16th-Century treaties of the Franco-Ottoman alliance.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} The story goes that, one day, Pallache's horse-drawn carriage met the carriage of the Spanish ambassador in The Hague. The two carriages were unable to pass one another and, to cheers from onlookers, the Spanish ambassador's carriage had to make way for Pallache's carriage. Research has shown that Pallache secretly acted as a double agent.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} He maintained close ties with the Spanish court and passed classified information about Dutch-Moroccan relations on to the Spanish. At the same time, he was passing information about Spain back to the Dutch and Moroccans. When this eventually came to light, he fell out of favor with the sultan.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} In addition to his diplomatic affairs, Pallache also continued his activities as a merchant, actively trading between the Netherlands and Morocco. He also got permission from Prince Maurice for privateering activities. The goods obtained through these pirating activities were sold along the Moroccan coast. Death{{Quote box|quote =[Archive card number] 19620 Name: Palache Given Name: Samuel Birth: (-) Married to: (-) Wedding date: (-) Death: 16 Sebat 5376 - 4 Feb 1616 Buried: (field) A 13 - 174 Notes: Probably born in Fez; as early as 1579 contact with Philip II Place of death [is] The Hague dC page 54:Moroccan Envoy One of the first 3-member Council of Beth Jahacob LBH page 130 (carr. I-3) [Appears] in many entries in SR (deed 386, note; 1971 page 112; deed 1184) (deed 1968 (SR XVI 76) some years after [his] death found: Appoints Uri aLevy/Philips Joosten as his representative in order to broker/negotiate [free] access [to the city] for Jews with the city council [local/municipal government] of Groningen. Deed 231B v.XVIII bl. [page] 160 Extensive and clear Hebrew texts photos 43. -43A 3 sons: Isaac, Moses and David. SR. '85 [84?] nr. 2323 Buried next to him are buried [his] brother Joseph, [his brother's] son David and wife. family member Amalia[5] |width = 25% |fontsize =80%}} In 1614, Pallache, having captured a Portuguese ship, was unable to bring its cargo ashore in Morocco and so sailed for the Netherlands. A heavy storm forced him to seek refuge in an English port where, by request of the Spanish ambassador, he was arrested and imprisoned. Eventually, Prince Maurice came to his aid and helped bring him back to the Netherlands. However, he had lost all his money by then and fell ill shortly thereafter. LegacyCo-founder of Amsterdam Sephardic communityIn the first pages of his 1769 Memorias do Estabelecimento e Progresso dos Judeos Portuguezes e Espanhoes nesta Famosa Cidade de Amsterdam, David Franco Mendes records the first minyan in Amsterdam with its sixteen worshippers: Jacob Israel Belmonte (father of Moses Belmonte), David Querido, Jacob Tirado, Samuel Pallache, Ury a Levy, Joseph Pallache, Jacob Uriel Cardoso, Isaac Gaon, Samuel Abrabanel Souza, Jeosuah Sarfati, Joseph Habilho, David Abendana Pereyra, Baruch Osorio, Abraham Gabay, Isaac Franco Medeyro, Moseh de Casserez.[18][19] Several sources claim this first minyan occurred in Palache's home, as he was the most prominent among them, being envoy from Morocco[2][20] and occurred around 1590[21] or Yom Kippur 1596.[13][22] Family (Mediterranean rabbis)Samuel's wife was Reina (Hebrew Malca) (English "Queen"). Les noms cites two sons, Isaac and Jacob, One Man cites only Isaac. Samuel's brother Joseph had five sons: Isaac, Joshua, David, Moses, and Abraham. One Man cites Moses (and David) as most influential person after Samuel's death and de facto leader of the family, even before his own (elderly) father Joseph. 19th Century descendants included four grand rabbis, three in Izmir, Turkey (Haim Palachi, Abraham Palacci, and Rahamim Nissim Palacci) and one in the Netherlands (Isaac Juda Palache)–spellings of the surname varied considerably over the centuries). (Please see Pallache family#Family tree sub-section of the Pallache family entry for a regularly updated list of his family.) "Rabbi Pirate"Publication of A Man of Three Worlds: Samuel Pallache, a Moroccan Jew in Catholic and Protestant Europe in English (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press: 2003) and originally in Spanish as Entre el Islam y Occident: La vida de Samuel Pallache, judío de Fez (Madrid: Siglo XXI 1999) has led to some popular emphasis on Pallache as pirate. A main source of this reputation is Edward Kritzler's book Jewish Pirates of the Caribbean (2008), which calls Samuel Palache the "Pirate Rabbi" who "was still capturing Spanish ships in his late sixties.".[21] The book led to reviews with titles like "Sephardi Sea Hawks"[23] and "Yo Ho Ho and a Bottle of Schnapps"[24] among other reviews.[25][26][27][28][29][30][31] It has led to continued mentions of Pallache in current-day print, such as "Merchant, Diplomat, Pirate, Spy Dies in Amsterdam"[32] and "The Pirate Rabbi."[33] See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book| first1 = Mercedes | last1 = García-Arenal| first2 = Gerard | last2 = Wiegers| publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press| title = A Man of Three Worlds: Samuel Pallache, a Moroccan Jew in Catholic and Protestant Europe| pages = 12 (background, surname), 101–127 (descendants)| url = https://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/content/man-three-worlds| date = 2007}} 2. ^1 {{cite book| first = Mark | last = Kurlansky| title = A Chosen Few: The Resurrection of European Jewry| publisher = Random House| place = New York| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mOLGqf6HUiAC| page = 82| date = 2008| accessdate = 31 August 2016}} 3. ^{{Citation | first = Mercedes | last = García-Arenal | contribution = Pallache Family (Moroccan Branch) | editor-last = Stillman | editor-first = Norman A. | title = Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World | volume = 4 | pages = | publisher = Brill | place = | year = 2010 | contribution-url = http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/pallache-family-moroccan-branch-COM_0017270}} 4. ^{{cite book | first = Giovanna | last = Fiume | title = Schiavitù mediterranee. Corsari, rinnegati e santi di età moderna | publisher = Bruno Mondadori | place = Milan | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UmdrZEgiDvwC | year = 2012 | accessdate = 4 September 2016}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite web| title = Palache, Samuel (archive card number 19260)| publisher = Dutch Jewry| url = http://www.dutchjewry.org/phpr/amsterdam/port_isr_gem_burials/amsterdam_port_isr_gem_burials_view.php?editid1=19256| date = | accessdate = 30 August 2016}} 6. ^{{cite web| title = The Palache Family| publisher = Jewish Virtual Library| url = http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0015_0_15331.html| accessdate = 1 September 2016| date = }} 7. ^{{Citation | first = D Gershon | last = Lewental | contribution = Pallache Family (Turkish Branch) | editor-last = Stillman | editor-first = Norman A. | title = Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World | volume = 4 | pages = | publisher = Brill | place = | year = 2010 | contribution-url = http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/pallache-family-turkish-branch-COM_0017280}} 8. ^1 {{cite book | title = Studia Rosenthaliana | volume = 4–5 | pages = 112 (Palaty), 221 (Palatie) | publisher = Koninklijke Van Gorcum | place = Assen | year = 1970 | accessdate = 4 September 2016 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RsYMAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22isaac+pallache%22+fez&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=pallache}} 9. ^1 {{cite book| first = Abraham Isaac| last = Laredo| title = Les noms des juifs de Maroc: Essai d'onomastique judéo-marocaine| publisher = Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Instituto Arias Montano| date = 1978| place = Madrid| pages = 966–971}} 10. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.sephardicgen.com/names.htm | title = Sephardic Surnames from a number of Jewish Sephardic sources | publisher = SephardicGen | date = | accessdate = 8 September 2016}} 11. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.hsje.org/society/hsjefamilynames.htm| title = Family Names| publisher = Historical Society of Jews From Egypt| date = | accessdate = 12 September 2016}} 12. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.sephardicstudies.org/portgib.html| last = Abecassis| first = José Maria| title = Genealogia hebraica: Portugal e Gibraltar sécs. XVII a XX| place = Lisboa| publisher = Liv. Ferin| date = | accessdate = 12 September 2016}} 13. ^1 {{cite book | first = David | last = Henriques Castro | title = Keur van grafstenen op de Portugees-Isräelietische begraafplaats te Ouderkerk aan de Amstel met beschrijving en biografische aantekeningen: met platen | publisher = Stichting tot Instandhouding en Onderhoud van Historische Joodse Begraafplaatsen in Nederland | pages = 36 (first minyan), 91–93 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mTRJAQAAIAAJ | date = 1999 | accessdate = 1 September 2016}} 14. ^{{cite web | first = Jan Willem | last = Schulte Nordholtprijs | title = Van Antwerpen naar Amsterdam | publisher = JoodsAmsterdam | url = http://www.joodsamsterdam.nl/van-antwerpen-naar-amsterdam/ | date = January 2014 | accessdate = 1 September 2016}} 15. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=pUJkIYXBKGMC&pg=PA127 Poetry, politics and polemics by Ed de Moor, Otto Zwartjes, G. J. H. van Gelder p.127] 16. ^{{cite web| title = (no title: image of gravestone of Samuel Palache)| publisher = Dutch Jewry| url = http://www.dutchjewry.org/P.I.G./steen/01926002.JPG| date = | accessdate = 30 August 2016}} 17. ^{{cite web| title = Beth Haim - English| publisher = Beth Haim cemetery| url = http://www.bethhaim.nl/english/| date = | accessdate = 30 August 2016| place = Ouderkerk aan de Amstel}} 18. ^{{cite book | first = David | last = Henriques Castro | title = 1675-1875: De synagoge der Portugeesch-Israelietische gemeente te Amsterdam | publisher = Belinfante | date = 1875 | accessdate = 1 September 2016 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BoBJAAAAYAAJ | page = 5}} 19. ^{{cite book |editor-first = Chaya |editor-last = Brasz |editor-first2 = Yosef |editor-last2 = Kaplan| title = Dutch Jews As Perceived by Themselves and by Others: Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on the History of the Jews in the Netherlands | publisher = Brill | date = 2001 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DjzNtrUZt1YC | page = 67}} 20. ^{{cite book |editor-first = Frank |editor-last = Skolnik |editor-first2 = Michael |editor-last2 = Berenbaum | title = Encyclopaedia Judaica, Volume 15 | publisher = Macmillan Reference | date = 2007 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JD0OAQAAMAAJ | page = 573}} 21. ^1 {{cite web| first = Edward| last = Kritzler| title = Jewish Pirates of the Caribbean| publisher = Penguin Random House| url = http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/95851/jewish-pirates-of-the-caribbean-by-edward-kritzler/| pages = 10 (background), 75–92 (chapter)| date = 2009| accessdate = 1 September 2016}} 22. ^{{cite book | first = Zechariah | last = Fendel | title = Lights of the Exile | publisher = Hashkafah Publications | pages = 45–46 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WtQRAQAAIAAJ | date = 2001 | accessdate = 1 September 2016}} 23. ^{{cite news| first = Benjamin | last = Ivry| date = 8 October 2008| title = Sephardi Sea Hawks| publisher = Forward magazine| accessdate = 1 September 2016| url = http://forward.com/culture/14339/sephardi-sea-hawks-02634/}} 24. ^{{cite news| first =Danny | last = Paller | title = Yo Ho Ho and a Bottle of Schnapps| publisher = Haaretz| date = 6 January 2009| accessdate = 1 September 2016| url = http://www.haaretz.com/news/yo-ho-ho-and-a-bottle-of-schnapps-1.267553}} 25. ^{{cite web| first = Adam | last = Kirch| title = Edward Kritzler’s history of Jewish pirates is uneven| publisher = Jewish Journal| url = http://www.jewishjournal.com/books/article/edward_kritzlers_history_of_jewish_pirates_is_uneven_20081210| date = 10 December 2008| accessdate = 1 September 2016}} 26. ^{{cite web| first = Gil| last = Stern Zohar| title = Jewish pirates of the Caribbean| publisher = Jerusalem Post| url = http://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Jewish-pirates-of-the-Caribbean-447397| date = 9 April 2016| accessdate = 1 September 2016}} 27. ^{{cite web| first = Jonathan| last = Kirch| title = A pirate's life for some Jews| publisher = Los Angeles Times| url = http://articles.latimes.com/2008/nov/28/entertainment/et-book28| date = 28 November 2008| accessdate = 1 September 2016}} 28. ^{{cite web| first = Steve | last = Weinberg| title = Jewish Pirates of the Caribbean| publisher = San Francisco Chronicle| url = http://www.sfgate.com/books/article/Jewish-Pirates-of-the-Caribbean-3263543.php| date = 2 November 2008| accessdate = 1 September 2016}} 29. ^{{cite web| first = Annie| last = Palmer| title = 'Jewish Pirates of the Caribbean' explores history of Jewish swashbucklers| publisher = Philadelphia Chronicle| url = http://articles.philly.com/2015-07-22/entertainment/64687868_1_jewish-population-caribbean-synagogues| date = 22 July 2015| accessdate = 1 September 2016}} 30. ^{{cite web| first = Andrée Aelion| last = Brooks| title = Jewish Pirates of The Caribbean?| publisher = Hadassah Magazine| url = http://www.hadassahmagazine.org/2008/11/29/feature-jewish-pirates-caribbean/| date = November 2008| accessdate = 1 September 2016}} 31. ^{{cite web| first = Ofri | last = Ilany| title = Historian Claims That Jewish Pirates Once Roamed Caribbean Waters| publisher = Haaretz| url = http://www.haaretz.com/historian-claims-that-jewish-pirates-once-roamed-caribbean-waters-1.273535| date = 5 April 2009| accessdate = 1 September 2016}} 32. ^{{cite news| first = David B.| last = Green| title = This Day in Jewish History: Merchant, Diplomat, Pirate, Spy Dies in Amsterdam| publisher = Haaretz| date = 4 February 2014| accessdate = 1 September 2016| url = http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/this-day-in-jewish-history/.premium-1.572244}} 33. ^{{cite news| first = | last = | title = The Pirate Rabbi| publisher = Jewish Currents| date = 4 February 2014| accessdate = 1 September 2016| url = http://jewishcurrents.org/february-6-pirate-rabbi-24116}} External sources
| title = A Man of Three Worlds: Samuel Pallache, a Moroccan Jew in Catholic and Protestant Europe | first1 = Mercedes | last1 = García-Arenal | first2 = Gerard | last2 = Wiegers | url = https://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/content/man-three-worlds | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | date = 2007 | place = Baltimore}}
| first = Mercedes | last = García-Arenal | contribution = Pallache Family (Moroccan Branch) | editor-last = Stillman | editor-first = Norman A. | title = Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World | volume = 4 | pages = | publisher = Brill | place = | year = 2010 | contribution-url = http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/pallache-family-moroccan-branch-COM_0017270}}
|last = Rahmani |first = Moïse |date = December 1990 |title = Les Patronymes: une histoire de nom ou histoire tout court |trans-title = A Story of a Name or a Short History |url= http://www.sefarad.org/lm/001/LM01.pdf |language = French |journal = Los Muestros |location = |publisher = Sefard (Institut Sephardi Europeen) |access-date = 11 September 2016}}
| first = Abraham Isaac | last = Laredo | title = Les noms des juifs de Maroc: Essai d'onomastique judéo-marocaine | publisher = Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Instituto Arias Montano | date = 1978 | place = Madrid | pages = 966–971}}
| url = http://www.radiosefarad.com/a-400-anos-de-la-muerte-del-sorprendente-espia-samuel-pallache-con-mercedes-garcia-arenal-rodriguez/ | title = A 400 años de la muerte del sorprendente (¿espía?) Samuel Pallache, con Mercedes García-Arenal Rodríguez | publisher = Radio Sefarad | date = | accessdate = 13 September 2016}}
16 : Moroccan businesspeople|Dutch Jews|Moroccan Jews|1616 deaths|Moroccan pirates|1550 births|Year of birth uncertain|Moroccan diplomats|People from Fez, Morocco|People from Amsterdam|16th-century Moroccan people|16th-century Dutch people|17th-century Moroccan people|17th-century Dutch people|Moroccan people imprisoned abroad|Moroccan emigrants to the Netherlands |
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