| 词条 | Emma Tenayuca |
| 释义 |
| name = Emma Tenayuca | image = Emma Tenayuca.jpg | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = December 21, 1916 | birth_place = San Antonio, Texas | death_date = {{death date and age|1999|7|23|1916|12|21}} | death_place = San Antonio, Texas | nationality = American | other_names = | occupation = Educator, labor organizer }} Emma Tenayuca (December 21, 1916 – July 23, 1999) was a Mexican American labor leader, union organizer and educator. She is best known for her work organizing Mexican workers in Texas during the 1930s, particularly for leading the 1938 Southern Pecan Shelling Company worker's strike. Life and workShe grew up in a family of eleven and began living with her grandparents at an early age in order to ease the burden on the rest of her family.[1] Emma Tenayuca was born into a Comanche family whose residence in South Texas predated both Mexican independence and the Mexico-U.S. War.[2] Emma and her family were hit hard by the Depression, and all around her Emma Tenayuca began to see the suffering of low class workers.[3] She became interested in activism and was a labor activist even before graduating from Brackenridge High School in San Antonio. Tenayuca’s first arrest came at the age of 16, in 1933, when she joined a picket line of workers in strike against the Finck Cigar Company.[4] After high school, Tenayuca obtained a position as an elevator operator, but she made a career out of her passion for labor rights. She founded two international ladies' garment workers unions, and was highly involved in both the Worker’s Alliance of America and Woman’s League for Peace and Freedom. She organized a protest over the beating of Mexican migrants by United States Border Patrol agents.[5] In her early adulthood she was arrested for a second and third time: once on a charge of “disturbing the peace” during a nonviolent protest, and again for her leadership role in a labor strike in 1938. {{Quote box|quote = I was arrested a number of times. I don't think that I felt exactly fearful. I never thought in terms of fear. I thought in terms of justice.[6] |source = Emma Tenayuca |quoted = 1 }} Organizing large scale strikes against the injustices in the labor sphere was also one of Tenayuca’s vocations. Tenayuca was instrumental in one of the most famous conflicts of Texas labor history–the 1938 Pecan Shellers Strike at the Southern Pecan Shelling Company.[7][8] During the strike, thousands of workers at over 130 plants protested a wage reduction of one cent per pound of shelled pecans. Mexicana and Chicana workers who picketed were gassed, arrested, and jailed. The strike ended after thirty-seven days when the city's pecan operators agreed to arbitration. In October that year, the National Labor Relations Act raised wages to twenty-five cents an hour. Another source of Tenayuca's first-hand knowledge of the struggles of working people came from visits as a young child to the Plaza del Zacate, a place where socialists and anarchists would come to speak and work with families with grievances. Because it advocated her passion for minority rights, Tenayuca joined the Communist Party in 1936.[9] In 1938 she married organizer Homer Bartchy who used the alias "Homer Brooks."[10] Then, less than a year later, she was scheduled to speak at a small Communist Party meeting at the Municipal Auditorium permitted by San Antonio Mayor Maury Maverick. A crowd of 5,000 attacked the auditorium with bricks and rocks, "huntin' Communists." Police helped Tenayuca escape from the mob, but she was blacklisted and forced to move out of San Antonio.[11] Eventually, Tenayuca went on to pursue a college degree. She divorced Brooks and left her hometown in order to attend San Francisco State College where she majored in Education. She later earned a master’s in education from Our Lady of the Lake University in San Antonio. From there Emma went on to teach in Harlandale School District until her retirement in 1982. Shortly after retirement Emma Tenayuca developed Alzheimer's disease and died on July 23, 1999. Tenayuca continued to inspire activists until and beyond her death. The admiration felt for this remarkable woman can be seen in That’s Not Fair! Emma Tenayuca’s Struggle for Justice, a bilingual children’s book that tells the story of her contributions to the pecan sheller strike,[12] as well as in the play-dramas written to honor her dedication and contributions. The South Texas Civil Rights Project has dedicated an annual award, The Emma Tenayuca Award, given to individuals working to protect civil rights.[13] See also
References1. ^{{cite news |last=Ayala |first=Elaine |title=Emma Tenayuca gets her due |url=http://ncronline.org/node/1621 |newspaper=National Catholic Reporter |date=August 22, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101065526/http://ncronline.org/node/1621 |archivedate=2012-01-01 |df= }} 2. ^{{cite book|last=Camacho|first=Alicia Schmidt|title=Migrant Imaginaries: Latino Cultural Politics in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands|year=2008|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York and London|isbn=9780814716489|pages=51}} 3. ^{{cite news|last=Robinson |first=Chuck |title=The Seeds of Struggle — ACLU Texas, Pecan Shellers Celebrate 70th Anniversary |url=http://iconocla.w02.winhost.com/AbsoluteNM/anmviewer.asp?a=2565 |newspaper=The Lone Star Iconoclast |date=March 17, 2008 }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 4. ^{{cite news|title=La Pasionaria de Texas |url=http://www.aztlan.net/default6.htm |newspaper=La Voz de Aztlan |date=March 13, 2000 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204184111/http://www.aztlan.net/default6.htm |archivedate=2012-02-04 |df= }} 5. ^{{cite web|title=The Hispanic Experience: Emma Tenayuca|url=http://www.houstonculture.org/hispanic/tenayuca.html|publisher=Houston Institute for Culture|accessdate=June 16, 2012}} 6. ^{{cite book|last=Jiménez|first=Carlos M.|title=The Mexican American heritage|year=1994|publisher=TQS Publications|location=Berkeley, Calif.|isbn=9780892290291|page=137}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=Emma Tenayuca Biography|url=http://americanswhotellthetruth.org/pgs/portraits/Emma_Tenayuca.php|publisher=Americans Who Tell the Truth|accessdate=June 16, 2012}} 8. ^{{Cite web|title = PECAN-SHELLERS' STRIKE|url = https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/oep01|website = Texas Handbook Online|accessdate = 2015-12-17|first = Richard|last = Croxdale|publisher = Texas State Historical Association|date = 15 June 2010}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=Tenayuca, Emma|url=http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-01312.html|publisher=American National Biography Online|accessdate=June 16, 2012}} 10. ^{{cite book|last=Carleton|first=Don|title=Red Scare: Right-Wing Hysteria Fifties Fanaticism and Their Legacy in Texas|date=1985|publisher=Texas Monthly Press|location=Austin, Texas|isbn=0-932012-90-6|page=29}} 11. ^{{cite web|title=Emma Tenayuca |url=http://www.salsa.net/peace/faces/emma.html |publisher=SalsaNet |accessdate=June 16, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322094255/http://www.salsa.net/peace/faces/emma.html |archivedate=March 22, 2012 |df= }} 12. ^{{cite web|title=That’s Not Fair! Emma Tenayuca’s struggle for justice/¡No Es Justo!: La lucha de Emma Tenayuca por la justicia|url=http://zinnedproject.org/posts/3700|publisher=The Zinn Education Project|accessdate=June 16, 2012}} 13. ^{{cite web|title=STC instructor Jennifer Clark honored by South Texas Civil Rights Project|url=http://news.southtexascollege.edu/?tag=south-texas-civil-rights-project|publisher=South Texas College News|date=May 6, 2009}} Further reading
External links{{Portal|Organized labour}}
8 : 1916 births|1999 deaths|American labor leaders|American people of Mexican descent|People from San Antonio|Activists from Texas|American women activists|Women labour leaders |
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