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词条 Acute accent
释义

  1. Uses

     History  Pitch  Greek   Stress   Height  Length  Long vowels  Short vowels   Palatalization   Tone   Disambiguation    Emphasis    Letter extension    Other uses    English  

  2. Technical notes

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  3. See also

  4. Notes

  5. External links

{{Use American English|date=January 2019}}{{Short description|" ´ " Diacritic, rising from left to right
}}{{refimprove|date=January 2011}}{{Diacritical marks|´}}{{Letters with acute}}

The acute accent ( ´ ) is a diacritic used in many modern written languages with alphabets based on the Latin, Cyrillic, and Greek scripts.

Uses

History

An early precursor of the acute accent was the apex, used in Latin inscriptions to mark long vowels.

Pitch

Greek

{{See also|Ancient Greek accent}}

The acute accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it indicated a syllable with a high pitch. In Modern Greek, a stress accent has replaced the pitch accent, and the acute marks the stressed syllable of a word. The Greek name of the accented syllable was and is {{wikt-lang|grc|ὀξεῖα}} (oxeîa, Modern Greek oxía) "sharp" or "high", which was calqued (loan-translated) into Latin as {{wikt-lang|la|acutus|acūta}} "sharpened".

Stress

The acute accent marks the stressed vowel of a word in several languages:

  • Blackfoot uses acute accents to show the place of stress in a word: soyópokistsi "leaves".
  • Bulgarian: stress, which is variable in Bulgarian, is not usually indicated in Bulgarian except in dictionaries and sometimes in homonyms that are distinguished only by stress. However, Bulgarian usually uses the grave accent to mark the vowel in a stressed syllable, unlike Russian, which uses the acute accent.
  • Catalan uses it in stressed vowels: é, í, ó, ú.
  • Dutch uses it to mark stress (vóórkomen – voorkómen, meaning occur and prevent respectively) or a more closed vowel (hé – hè, equivalent to English hey and heh) if it is not clear from context. Sometimes, it is simply used for disambiguation, as in één – een, meaning "one" and "a(n)".
  • Galician
  • Hopi has acute to mark a higher tone.
  • Italian The accent is used to indicate the stress in a word, or whether the vowel is "open" or "wide", or "closed", or "narrow". For example, pèsca {{IPA-it|ˈpɛska|}} "peach" ("open" or "wide" vowel, as in "pen") and pésca {{IPA-it|ˈpeska|}} "fishing" ("closed" or "narrow" vowel, as in "pain").
  • Lakota. For example, kákhi "in that direction" but kakhí "take something to someone back there".
  • Leonese uses it for marking stress or disambiguation.
  • Modern Greek marks the stressed vowel of every polysyllabic word: ά (á), έ (é), ή (í), ί (í), ό (ó), ύ (ý), ώ (ó).
  • Navajo where the acute marks a higher tone.
  • Norwegian, Swedish and Danish use the acute accent to indicate that a terminal syllable with the e is stressed and is often omitted if it does not change the meaning: armen (first syllable stressed) means "the arm" while armé(e)n means "the army"; ide (first syllable stressed) means "bear's den" while idé means "idea". Also stress-related are the different spellings of the words en/én and et/ét (the indefinite article and the word "one" in Danish and Norwegian). Then, the acute points out that there is one and only one of the object, which derives from the obsolete spelling(s) een and eet. Some loanwords, mainly from French, are also written with the acute accent, such as Norwegian and Swedish kafé and Danish café (also cafe).
  • Occitan
  • Portuguese: á, é, í, ó, ú. It may also indicate height (see below).
  • Russian. Stress is irregular in Russian, and in reference and teaching materials (dictionaries and books for children or foreigners), stress is indicated by an acute accent above the stressed vowel. The acute accent can be used both in the Cyrillic and sometimes in the romanised text.
  • Spanish marks stressed syllables in words that deviate from the standardized stress patterns. It is also used to distinguish homophones such as el (the) and él (he).
  • Ukrainian: marks the stress, but in regular typography is only used when it can help to distinguish between homographs: за́мок (castle) vs. замо́к (lock). Commonly used in dictionaries and some children books.
  • Welsh: word stress usually falls on the penultimate syllable, but one way of indicating stress on a final (short) vowel is by the use of the acute accent. In the Welsh orthography, it can be on any vowel: á, é, í, ó, ú, ẃ, or ý. Examples: casáu {{IPA-cy|kaˈsaɨ, kaˈsai|}} "to hate", sigarét {{IPA-cy|sɪɡaˈrɛt|}} "cigarette", ymbarél {{IPA-cy|əmbaˈrɛl|}} "umbrella".

Height

The acute accent marks the height of some stressed vowels in various Romance languages.

  • To mark high vowels:
    • Bislama. The acute is used only on é, but only in one of the two orthographies. It distinguishes é {{IPA|[e]}} from e {{IPA|[ɛ]}}.[1] The orthography after 1995 (which has no diacritics), does not distinguish these sounds.
    • Catalan. The acute marks the quality of the vowels é {{IPA|[e]}} (as opposed to è {{IPA|[ɛ]}}), and ó {{IPA|[o]}} (as opposed to ò {{IPA|[ɔ]}}).
    • French. The acute is used only on é. It is known as accent aigu, in contrast to the accent grave which is the accent sloped the other way. It distinguishes é {{IPA|[e]}} from è {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, ê {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, and e {{IPA|[ə]}}. Unlike other Romance languages, the accent marks do not imply stress in French.
    • Italian. The acute accent (sometimes called accento chiuso, "closed accent" in Italian) is compulsory only in words of more than one syllable stressed on their final vowel (and a few other words). Words ending in stressed -o are never marked with an acute accent (ó), but with a grave accent (ò). Therefore, only é and è are normally contrasted, typically in words ending in -ché, such as perché ("why/because"); in the conjugated copula è ("is"); in ambiguous monosyllables such as né ('neither') vs. ne ('of it') and sé ('itself') vs. se ('if'); and some verb forms, e.g. poté ("he/she/it could" (past tense)). The symbol ó can be used in the body of a word for disambiguation, for instance between bótte ("barrel") and bòtte ("beating"), though this is not mandatory: in fact standard Italian keyboards lack a dedicated ó key.
    • Occitan. The acute marks the quality of the vowels é {{IPA|[e]}} (as opposed to è {{IPA|[ɛ]}}), ó {{IPA|[u]}} (as opposed to ò {{IPA|[ɔ]}}) and á {{IPA|[ɔ/e]}} (as opposed to à {{IPA|[a]}}).
    • Scottish Gaelic (a Celtic rather than Romance language) uses/used a system in which é {{IPA|[eː]}} is contrasted with è {{IPA|[ɛː]}} and ó {{IPA|[oː]}} with ò {{IPA|[ɔː]}}. Both the grave and acute indicate length; é/è and ó/ò are thus contrasted with e {{IPA|[ɛ/e]}} and o {{IPA|[ɔ/o/ɤ]}} respectively. Besides, á appears in the words á {{IPA|[a]}}, ám {{IPA|[ãũm]}} and ás {{IPA|[as]}} in order to distinguish them from a {{IPA|[ə]}}, am {{IPA|[əm]}} and as {{IPA|[əs]}} respectively.[2][3] The other vowels (i and u) only appear either without an accent or with a grave. Since the 1980s the SQA (which sets school standards and thus the de facto standard language) and most publishers have abandoned the acute accent, using grave accents in all situations (analogous to the use of the acute in Irish). However, universities, some publishers and many speakers continue to use acute accents.
  • To mark low vowels:
    • Portuguese. The vowels á {{IPAslink|a}}, é {{IPAslink|ɛ}} and ó {{IPAslink|ɔ}} are stressed low vowels, in opposition to â {{IPAslink|ɐ}}, ê {{IPAslink|e}} and ô {{IPAslink|o}} which are stressed high vowels. However, the accent is only used in words whose stressed syllable is in an unpredictable location within the word: where the location of the stressed syllable is predictable, no accent is used, and the height of the stressed vowel cannot then usually be determined solely from the word's spelling.

Length

Long vowels

  • Arabic and Persian: á, í, ú were used in western transliteration of Islamic language texts from the 18th to early 20th centuries. Representing the long vowels, they are typically transcribed with a macron today except in Bahá'í orthography.
  • Classical Latin (the apex)
  • Czech: á, é, í, ó, ú, ý are the long versions of a, e, i, o, u, y. The accent is known as čárka. To indicate a long u in the middle or at the end of a word, a kroužek (ring) is used instead, to form ů.
  • Hungarian: í, ó, ú are the long equivalents of the vowels i, o, u. The ő, ű (see double acute accent) are the long equivalents of ö, ü. Both type of accents are known as hosszú ékezet (hosszú means long). The letters á and é are two long vowels but they are two vowels on their own rather than the long equivalents of a and e (see below in Letter extension).
  • Irish: á, é, í, ó, ú are the long equivalents of the vowels a, e, i, o, u. The accent is known as a síneadh fada {{IPA|/ˌʃiːnʲə ˈfadˠə/}} (length accent), usually abbreviated to fada.
  • Old Norse: á, é, í, ó, ú, ý are the long versions of a, e, i, o, u, y. Sometimes, {{angle bracket|ǿ}} is used as the long version of {{angle bracket|ø}}, but {{angle bracket|œ}} is used more often. Sometimes, the short-lived Old Icelandic long {{angle bracket|ǫ}} (also written {{angle bracket|ö}}) is written using an acute-accented form, {{angle bracket|ǫ́}}, or a version with a macron, {{angle bracket|ǭ}}, but usually it is not distinguished from {{angle bracket|á}} from which it is derived by u-mutation.
  • Slovak: the acute accent is called dĺžeň in Slovak. In addition to the long vowels á, é, í, ó, ú and ý, dĺžeň is used to mark two syllabic consonants ŕ and ĺ, which are the long counterparts of syllabic r and l.

Short vowels

  • Ligurian: in the official orthography, é is used for short {{IPA|[e]}}, and ó is used for short {{IPA|[u]}}.

Palatalization

A graphically similar, but not identical, mark is indicative of a palatalized sound in several languages.

In Polish, such a mark is known as a kreska ({{lang-en|stroke}}) and is an integral part of several letters: four consonants and one vowel. When appearing in consonants, it indicates palatalization, similar to the use of the háček in Czech and other Slavic languages (e.g. sześć {{IPA-pl|ˈʂɛɕtɕ|}} "six"). However, in contrast to the háček which is usually used for postalveolar consonants, the kreska denotes alveolo-palatal consonants. In traditional Polish typography, the kreska is more nearly vertical than the acute accent, and placed slightly right of center.[4] A similar rule applies to the Belarusian Latin alphabet Łacinka. However, for computer use, Unicode conflates the codepoints for these letters with those of the accented Latin letters of similar appearance.

In Serbo-Croatian, as in Polish, the letter ć is used to represent a palatalized t.

In the romanization of Macedonian, ǵ and ḱ represent the Cyrillic letters ѓ and ќ, which stand for palatal or alveolo-palatal consonants, though gj and kj (or đ and ć) are more commonly used for this purpose{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}. The same two letters are used to transcribe the postulated Proto-Indo-European phonemes {{IPA|/ɡʲ/}} and {{IPA|/kʲ/}}.

Tone

In the Quốc Ngữ system for Vietnamese, the Yale romanization for Cantonese and the Pinyin romanization for Mandarin Chinese, the acute accent indicates a rising tone. In Mandarin, the alternative to the acute accent is the number 2 after the syllable: lái = lai2. In Cantonese Yale, the acute accent is either tone 2, or tone 5 if the vowel(s) are followed by 'h' (if the number form is used, 'h' is omitted): má = ma2, máh - ma5.

In African languages and Athabaskan languages, it frequently marks a high tone, e.g., Yoruba apá 'arm', Nobiin féntí 'sweet date', Ekoti kaláwa 'boat', Navajo t’áá 'just'.

The acute accent is used in Serbo-Croatian dictionaries and linguistic publications to indicate a high-rising accent. It is not used in everyday writing.

Disambiguation

The acute accent is used to disambiguate certain words which would otherwise be homographs in the following languages:

  • Catalan. Examples: són "they are" vs. son "tiredness", més "more" vs. mes "month".
  • Danish. Examples: én "one" vs. en "a/an"; fór "went" vs. for "for"; véd "know(s)" vs. ved "by"; gǿr "bark(s)" vs. gør "do(es)"; dǿr "die(s)" vs. dør "door"; allé "alley" vs. alle "everybody". Furthermore, it is also used for the imperative form of verbs ending in -ere, which lose their final e and might be mistaken for plurals of a noun (which most often end in -er): analysér is the imperative form of at analysere "to analyse", analyser is "analyses", plural of the noun analyse "analysis". Using an acute accent is always optional, never required.
  • Dutch. Examples: één "one" vs. een "a/an"; vóór "before" vs. voor "for"; vóórkomen "to exist/to happen" vs. voorkómen "to prevent/to avoid". Using an acute accent is mostly optional.
  • Modern Greek. Although all polysyllabic words have an acute accent on the stressed syllable, in monosyllabic words the presence or absence of an accent may disambiguate. The most common case is η, the feminine definite article ("the"), versus ή, meaning "or". Other cases include που ("who"/"which") versus πού ("where") and πως ("that", as in "he told me that...") versus πώς ("how").
  • Norwegian. It is used to indicate stress on a vowel otherwise not expected to have stress. Most words are stressed on the first syllable and diacritical marks are rarely used. Although incorrect, it is frequently used to mark the imperative form of verbs ending in -ere as it is in Danish: kontrollér is the imperative form of "to control", kontroller is the noun "controls". The simple past of the verb å fare, "to travel", can optionally be written fór, to distinguish it from for (preposition "for" as in English), fôr "feed" n./"lining", or fòr (only in Nynorsk) "narrow ditch, trail by plow (all the diacritics in these examples are optional.[5])
  • Portuguese. Examples: avô "grandfather" vs. avó "grandmother", nós "subject pronoun we" vs. nos "oblique case".
  • Russian. Acute accents (technically, stress marks) are used in dictionaries to indicate the stressed syllable. They may also be optionally used to disambiguate both between minimal pairs, such as за́мок (read as zámak, means "castle") and замо́к (read as zamók, means "lock"), and between question words and relative pronouns such as что ("what", stressed, or "that", unstressed), similarly to Spanish. This is rare, however, as usually meaning is determined by context and no stress mark is written. The same rules apply to Ukrainian, Rusyn, Belarusian and Bulgarian.
  • Spanish. Covers various question word / relative pronoun pairs where the first is stressed and the second is a clitic, such as cómo (interrogative "how") and como (non-interrogative "how", comparative "like", "I eat"[6]), differentiates qué (what) from que (that), dónde and donde "where", and some other words such as tú "you" and tu "your," té "tea" and te "you" (direct/indirect object), él "he/him" and el ("the", masculine), sólo "only" (as in "solamente") and solo "alone". This usage of the acute accent is called tilde diacrítica.

Emphasis

  •  In Danish, the acute accent can also be used for emphasis, especially on the word der (there), as in Der kan ikke være mange mennesker dér, meaning "There can't be many people there" or Dér skal vi hen meaning "That's where we're going".
  • In Dutch, the acute accent can also be used to emphasize an individual word within a sentence. For example, Dit is ónze auto, niet die van jullie, "This is our car, not yours." In this example, ónze is merely an emphasized form of onze. Also in family names like Piét, Piél, Plusjé, Hofsté.
  • In the Armenian script emphasis on a word is marked by an acute accent above the word's stressed vowel; it is traditionally grouped with the Armenian question and exclamation marks which are also diacritics applied to the stressed vowel.

Letter extension

  • In Faroese, the acute accent is used on five of the vowels (a, i, o, u and y), but these letters, á, í, ó, ú and ý are considered separate letters with separate pronunciations.

á: long {{IPA|[ɔa]}}, short {{IPA|[ɔ]}} and before {{IPA|[a]}}: {{IPA|[õ]}}

í/ý: long {{IPA|[ʊiː]}}, short {{IPA|[ʊi]}}

ó: long {{IPA|[ɔu]}}, {{IPA|[ɛu]}} or {{IPA|[œu]}}, short: {{IPA|[œ]}}, except Suðuroy: {{IPA|[ɔ]}}

When ó is followed by the skerping -gv, it is pronounced {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, except in Suðuroy where it is {{IPA|[ɔ]}}

ú: long {{IPA|[ʉu]}}, short {{IPA|[ʏ]}}

When ú is followed by the skerping -gv, it is pronounced {{IPA|[ɪ]}}

  • In Hungarian, the acute accent marks a difference in quality on two vowels, apart from vowel length:

The (short) vowel a is open back rounded (ɒ), but á is open front unrounded (a) (and long).

Similarly, the (short) vowel e is open-mid front unrounded (ɛ), while (long) é is close-mid front unrounded (e).

Despite this difference, in most of the cases, these two pairs are arranged as equal in collation, just like the other pairs (see above) that only differ in length.

  • In Icelandic the acute accent is used on all 6 of the vowels (a, e, i, o, u and y), and, like in Faroese, these are considered separate letters.