| 词条 | SANU Memorandum |
| 释义 |
| document_name = SANU Memorandum | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = | orig_lang_code = | title_orig = Memorandum | date_created = May 1985–September 1986 | date_presented = 1986 (leaked) | date_ratified = | date_effective = | date_repeal = | location_of_document = Belgrade, Serbia | commissioned = Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts | writer = 16-member commission | signers = | media_type = Typewritten document | subject = | purpose = memorandum }} The Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, known simply as the SANU Memorandum[1] ({{lang-sr-cyr|Меморандум САНУ}}), was a draft document produced by a 16-member committee of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SANU) from 1985 to 1986. Excerpts of the draft leaked and were published by daily Večernje novosti in September 1986. The memo immediately captured the public's attention in Yugoslavia as it gave voice to controversial views on the state of the nation and argued for a fundamental reorganization of the state.{{sfn|Bokovoy|Irvine|Lilly|1997|p=322}} The main theme was that Yugoslavia's constitutional structure discriminated against the Serbs, and that decentralisation was leading to the disintegration of Yugoslavia.[2] It claimed that Serbia's development was eroded by support for other parts of Yugoslavia. The memorandum was officially denounced by the government of Yugoslavia in 1986, and the government of the Socialist Republic of Serbia for inciting nationalism.{{sfn|Ramet|2006|p=321}} Some consider its publication to be a key moment in the breakup of Yugoslavia{{sfn|Silber|Little|1996|p=31}} and a contributor to the Yugoslav wars.[2] OverviewIn the 1980s, a major issue in Yugoslavia was the problem of massive debts accrued in the 1970s and the resulting policies of austerity.{{sfn|Crampton|1997|p=386}} Yugoslavia had debts initially valued at $6 billion US dollars, but which turned out to actually be a sum equal to $21 billion U.S. dollars, a staggering debt load for a poor country.{{sfn|Crampton|1997|p=386-387}} The high debt load led to repeated programmes of austerity in the 1980s imposed by the IMF, and which in turn led to the exposure of so much corruption of the part of the Communist authorities to the extent of causing a crisis of faith in the Communist system by the mid-1980s.{{sfn|Crampton|1997|p=386-387}} The revelation that corruption was systematic in Yugoslavia and that the Communist elites were plundering the public coffers to support luxurious lifestyles for themselves well beyond the means of ordinary people sparked much resentment, especially at a time of austerity.{{sfn|Crampton|1997|p=386-387}} The fact that it was the Communist elites who had run up the debts in the 1970s that led to the austerity policies imposed in the 1980s not only made them unpopular, but also created grave doubts about the basic competence of the elites to govern the country.{{sfn|Crampton|1997|p=386-387}} Making the economic crisis more difficult was the fact that Croatia and Slovenia were wealthier than Serbia, and objected to transferring their wealth to support Serbia in times of austerity.{{sfn|Gödl|2007|p=50}} In May 1985, after Stambolić urged the government to discuss Kosovo for the first time since 1981,{{sfn|Jović|2009|p=248}} SANU selected a committee of sixteen distinguished academics to draft a memorandum addressing causes for the economic and political crisis and how to tackle the problems.{{sfn|Djokić|2003|p=255}} It was planned to be endorsed by the academy prior to being presented to the Communist Party and state organs.{{sfn|Djokić|2003|p=255}} The last draft, however, was leaked to a regime tabloid,{{sfn|Djokić|2003|p=255}} the Serbian newspaper Večernje novosti in September 1986.{{sfn|Bokovoy|Irvine|Lilly|1997|p=322}} The newspaper attacked it, describing it as reactionary and nationalist, but did not publish it.{{sfn|Djokić|2003|p=255}} An official campaign by the Serbian state and party officials began against it.{{sfn|Djokić|2003|p=255}} The memo is divided into two parts: the "Crisis in the Yugoslav Economy and Society" and the "Status of Serbia and the Serb Nation".{{sfn|Miller|2008|p=269}} The first section focuses on the economic and political fragmentation of Yugoslavia that followed the promulgation of the 1974 constitution. The memo argued that because Marshal Josip Broz Tito was a Croat that he had designed the Yugoslav federation in such a way to unduly balance the entire economic and political system in favor of his native Croatia together with Slovenia.{{sfn|Crampton|1997|p=387}} In this way, the memo claimed that the burden of austerity policies imposed by the IMF fell almost entirely on the Serbs while at the same time allowing Croatia and Slovenia to keep too much of their wealth to themselves.{{sfn|Crampton|1997|p=387}} The second section focuses on what the authors saw as Serbia's inferior status in Yugoslavia, while describing status of Serbs in the province of Kosovo and in Croatia in such a way to make its point.{{sfn|Crampton|1997|p=387}} The memo argued that because the provincial authorities in both Kosovo and Vojvodina could deal directly with the federal government, that this had made them into de facto republics outside of the control of the Serbian socialist republic.{{sfn|Crampton|1997|p=387}} Since March 1981, there had been regular riots in Kosovo between the ethnic Albanian majority and its Serb minority, which in turn had been caused by competition for jobs in a time of austerity as the university system produced far more graduates than were jobs.{{sfn|Crampton|1997|p=387}} The memo written before the worse of the rioting in Kosovo between 1987-1990 claimed that the other republics, especially Croatia, were supporting the Albanian provincial government in Kosovo as part of a plot to force out the Serb minority.{{sfn|Crampton|1997|p=387}} Kosta Mihailović made contributions on the economy, Mihailo Marković on self-management, and Vasilije Krestić on the status of the Serbs of Croatia. The memo claimed that at the end of World War II, Tito deliberately weakened Serbia by dividing up the majority of Serbian territory, namely present day Serbia, Montenegro, the Republic of Macedonia, Bosnia and Croatia with Serb majority populations. The memo argued that Tito further weakened the Socialist Republic of Serbia by dividing its territory and creating the autonomous provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina, which was not reciprocated in the other Yugoslav republics. A major theme of the memo was that of alleged Serbian victimization at the hands of the other republics, who were portrayed as having profited at Serbia's expense. The authors of the memo wrote that it was time to "...remove this historical guilt off of the Serbian people and to refute officially the claims that they had an economically privileged position between the two wars and that there would be no denying of their liberating role throughout history and their contribution in the creation of Yugoslavia....The Serbs in their history have never conquered or exploited others. Through the two world wars, they liberated themselves, and when they could, help others to liberate themselves".{{sfn|Gödl|2007|p=50}} The theme of alleged Serb victimization at the hands of others was at least in part a response to the economic crisis of the 1980s to suggest that the burden of austerity should fall mostly on the other republics, but the most powerful consequence was that for the first time since 1945 a historical narrative had been aired which portrayed the Serbs as a uniquely and innately virtuous and honorable people who were the perpetual victims of others.{{sfn|Gödl|2007|p=50}} The British historian Richard Crampton has written that the real significance of the memo was that it openly stated for the first time what many ordinary Serbian people had been thinking and that because of the intellectual prestige of its authors it conferred a sort of pseudo-scientific legitimacy on the widespread feelings that the Serbs were being unjustly singled out by the policies of economic austerity.{{sfn|Crampton|1997|p=387}} At a time of widespread economic pain and suffering, the message of the memo that the Serbs were being unjustly forced to suffer more than they should became popular.{{sfn|Crampton|1997|p=387}} The message of the memo, that the solution to the economic crisis of the 1980s was for Serbs to aggressively reassert their interests in Yugoslavia, abolish the autonomy of Kosovo and Vojvodina, and bring the prečani Serbs of Croatia and Bosnia into Serbia, led to much alarm elsewhere in Yugoslavia, where the memo was perceived as a call for Serbian domination.{{sfn|Crampton|1997|p=387}} The Austrian scholar Doris Gödl hss claimed that the memo's portrayal of Serbs as perpetual victims strongly suggested that they could do no wrong and everything that had gone wrong in Yugoslavia was the work of others.{{sfn|Gödl|2007|p=50}} Gödl wrote that though the memo was true in the sense that the Serbs at times had indeed been victimized, the picture of history presented in the memo of continuous Serb victimization from the times of the Ottoman Empire to the present was extremely one-sided and distorted, ignoring the fact that the Serbs at times had victimized the other peoples of Yugoslavia.{{sfn|Gödl|2007|p=50-51}} Gödl concluded this version of history which portrayed the other peoples of Yugoslavia, especially the Croats, as perpetual aggressors and the Serbs as constant victims did much to fuel the nationalism that Slobodan Milošević tapped into starting in 1987.{{sfn|Gödl|2007|p=50}} ReceptionThe memo was denounced by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, including Slobodan Milošević, the future president of Serbia, who publicly called the memo "nothing else but the darkest nationalism", and Radovan Karadžić, the future leader of Serbs in Bosnia, who stated "Bolshevism is bad, but nationalism is even worse".{{sfn|Lampe|2000|p=347}} Despite these declarations, Milošević, Karadžić, and other Serb politicians publicly agreed with most of the memo and would form close political connections with the writers of the memo such as Mihailo Marković, who became the vice-president of the Socialist Party of Serbia and Dobrica Ćosić who was appointed president of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992.{{sfn|Ramet|2006|p=321}} Starting in 1987, Milošević, the party boss of the Serbian Communist Party, started to cynically appeal to Serbian nationalism to distract public attention from the extent of massive corruption within the Communist Party, a gambit that worked very well.{{sfn|Crampton|1997|p=387-388}} However, Milošević's appeal to Serb nationalism inevitably sparked fears in the other republics that he was attempting a power play to make Yugoslavia into a Serb-dominated nation.{{sfn|Crampton|1997|p=387-388}} Milošević's decision to end the autonomy of Kosovo in 1989 and his deployment of ethnic Serbian policemen to violently crush protests by Kosovar Albanians led to secessionist feelings in the other republics who wanted out of Yugoslavia before Milošević imposed Serb domination on all of Yugoslavia.{{sfn|Crampton|1997|p=387-388}} Within the other republics, it was noted that the SANU memo called for ending Kosovo's autonomy, and so the ending of Kosovo's autonomy in 1989 caused fears that Milošević would carry out the other parts of the memo, through it is not clear if that was his intention in 1989.{{sfn|Crampton|1997|p=387-388}} Gödl wrote that by 1989, a version of history similar to the one presented in the SANU memo was being preached in Croatia, albeit with the Croats portrayed as perpetual victims and the Serbs as perpetual aggressors.{{sfn|Gödl|2007|p=51}} Especially popular in this regard was the 1990 book The Drina River Martyrs written by an ultra-nationalist Bosnian Croat Roman Catholic priest, Father Anto Baković, which portrays both the Chetnik and Partisan movements in World War II as extremely anti-Croat and anti-Catholic, and the history of Yugoslavia as one of continuous violent trauma inflicted by the Serbs against the Croats.{{sfn|Gödl|2007|p=51}} Father Baković used what are now known within Catholic circles as the Blessed Martyrs of Drina, a group of Bosnian Croat nuns who were victimized by the Chetniks in December 1941, as exemplary of the "martyrdom" of the Croats in World War II.{{sfn|Gödl|2007|p=51}} Gödl wrote the popularity of books like The Drina River Martyrs were partly a response to the SANU memorandum and other similar Serb nationalist works, which by emphasizing crimes committed in the immediate post-World War II era by the Partisans was meant to erase the memory of Ustashe crimes which played a central role in the Serbian collective memory of the past.{{sfn|Gödl|2007|p=51}} Gödl contended that, by 1989, many Serbs and Croats were both caught up in historical narratives that portrayed their own group as innately pure and virtuous and the other as innately vicious and cruel, seeing themselves as perpetual victims and the other as perpetual victimizers.{{sfn|Gödl|2007|p=50-51}} Gödl claimed that it was the popularity among Coats and Serbs of these narratives of perpetual victimization in the 1980s that portended the violent break-up of Yugoslavia in 1991-1992.{{sfn|Gödl|2007|p=50-52}} Memorandum points
AuthorsThe commission consisted of 16 Serb intellectuals:{{sfn|Miller|2008|p=268}} {{div col|colwidth=18em}}
See also
References1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.trepca.net/english/2006/serbian_memorandum_1986/serbia_memorandum_1986.html|title=SANU Memorandum integral English translation|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.esiweb.org/index.php?lang=en&id=281&story_ID=13&slide_ID=18|title=Picture stories - ESI|publisher=esiweb.org|accessdate=2014-12-14}} Sources{{refbegin}}
External links{{refbegin}}
8 : Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts|1986 documents|1986 in Yugoslavia|1980s in Serbia|Memoranda|History of the Serbs|Serbian nationalism|Yugoslav Serbia |
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