| 词条 | Sardinian brook salamander |
| 释义 |
| name=Sardinian brook salamander | image=Euproctus platycephalus01.jpg | status=EN | status_system=IUCN3.1 | status_ref=[1] | taxon = Euproctus platycephalus | authority = (Gravenhorst, 1829) | synonyms = Molge platycephala Gravenhorst, 1829 }} The Sardinian brook salamander or Sardinian mountain newt (Euproctus platycephalus) is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae found only in Sardinia, Italy.[2] DescriptionThe Sardinian brook salamander can grow to about {{convert|15|cm|0|abbr=on}} in length, but adults are usually rather smaller than this, with females being a bit larger than males. It is very similar to the Corsican brook salamander, but the head is flatter, the throat is more spotted, and the paratoid glands are smaller. The lower jaw is shorter than the upper jaw. The skin is smooth apart from a few irregularly placed tubercles. The colour is olive, grey, or reddish-brown, often with red, brown, or black spots and longitudinal streaks, and often a thin yellow or brown stripe occurs along the spine. The underside is paler, often having a red or yellow central region and black spots. The male has a spur on each hind limb.[3][4] The only species with which it is likely to be confused are cave salamanders in the family Plethodontidae.[3] Distribution and habitatThe Sardinian brook salamander is endemic to the mountainous areas on the east side of the island of Sardinia in the Mediterranean Sea. It is found at altitudes between {{convert|50|and|1800|m}}, with most sightings being in the middle of this range. It is found in slow-moving streams and rivers, small lakes, and ponds, where it hides under stones. When on land, it is usually found in undergrowth or under stones, and usually stays close to water.[3] BiologyThe Sardinian brook salamander is largely aquatic, though it does hibernate and sometimes aestivate on land near the water's edge. Mating takes place in the water, the male having first carried the passive female in his jaws to a suitable location. He clasps her body with his jaws and bends his body around, wrapping his tail around hers. He transfers spermatophores to her cloaca from his cloaca, sometimes with the aid of his spurs. The female lays up to 220 eggs singly over a period of weeks in crevices and under stones and possibly buried in sand.[4] She forms her mobile cloaca into a tube and turns on her back to deposit them in suitable locations.[3] The larvae take six to 15 months before metamorphosis depending on the water temperature. In 1999, sexually mature adults were reported to have been found with the vestiges of gills, suggesting the species may exhibit paedomorphosis.[4] StatusThe Sardinian brook salamander is classified by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as endangered, because the area it occupies is less than {{convert|500|km2|abbr=on}} in total and fragmented into a number of separate populations. It is threatened by loss of habitat, pollution of watercourses, dry conditions caused by the excessive extraction of water, and disturbance due to tourism. Its numbers appear to be dwindling. Most of the specimens found were male and the species seems to be no longer present in some locations where it was previously found.[1] References1. ^1 {{Cite journal | author = Romano, Antonio | author2 = Sindaco, Roberto | author3 = Andreone, Franco | author3-link = :it:Franco Andreone | author4 = Lecis, Roberta | author5 = Edgar, Paul | author6 = Schmidt, Benedikt | author7 = Corti, Claudia | title = Euproctus platycephalus | journal = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume = 2009 | page = e.T8371A12907837 | publisher = IUCN | date = 2009 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/8371/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T8371A12907837.en | access-date = 26 December 2017}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Caudata/Salamandridae/Pleurodelinae/Euproctus/Euproctus-platycephalus |title=Euproctus platycephalus (Gravenhorst, 1829) |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2014 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |accessdate=9 March 2015}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|title=Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe|last=Arnold|first=Nicholas|author2=Ovenden, Denys |year=2002|publisher=Harper Collins Publishers Ltd.|location=London|page=39}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Euproctus&where-species=platycephalus|title=Euproctus platycephalus |publisher=AmphibiaWeb|accessdate=March 18, 2012}} External links
5 : Salamandridae|Amphibians of Europe|Endemic fauna of Sardinia|Amphibians described in 1829|Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
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