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词条 Sarmad Kashani
释义

  1. Biography

     Early life  Travels in the Mughal Empire  Life in Delhi  Death 

  2. Abul Kalam Azad on Sarmad

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. Bibliography

  6. External resources

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}Sarmad Kashani or simply as Sarmad (ca 1590–1661) was a Persian speaking Armenian mystic and poet who travelled to and made the Indian subcontinent his permanent home during the 17th century. Originally Jewish, he may have renounced his religion to adopt Islam.[1] Sarmad, in his poetry, states that he is neither Jewish, nor Muslim, nor Hindu.[2]

Biography

Early life

Sarmad was born in Armenia around 1590, to a family of Jewish Persian-speaking Armenian merchants. Sarmad had an excellent command of Persian, essential for his work as a merchant, and composed most of his work in this language.[2] He produced a translation of the Torah in Persian.[2] He studied under Mulla Sadra and Mir Findiriski before migrating to Mughal Empire as a merchant[3].

Travels in the Mughal Empire

Hearing that precious items and works of art were being purchased in India at high prices, Sarmad gathered together his wares and traveled to the Mughal Empire where he intended to sell them. In Thatta, in present day Sindh, Pakistan, one of his close disciple was a Hindu man called Abhai Chand. Although there exist a debate on the nature of their relationship[4][5] there is very little known about the life of Abhai Chand and no historical records to confirm the details of their encounter except Sarmad's own poetry. Some scholars have argued that, while Sarmad employed Abhai Chand to translate Torah as well as Old Testament and New Testament, there exist a possibility of converting Abhai Chand to Islam or Judaism.[6] It is important to note that, in later years, Sarmad grew critical of all religions and took a more spiritual position, which is closer to Sufi tradition.[7]

At some stage, he abandoned his wealth, let his hair grow, stopped clipping his nails and began to wander the city streets. Although it is widely speculated that Sarmad and Abhai Chand moved to Lahore, then Hyderabad, settling finally in Delhi, however there are no credible sources to confirm the events.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

Life in Delhi

The reputation as a poet and mystic he had acquired during the time the two travelled together, caused Mughal crown prince Dara Shikoh to invite Sarmad at his father's court. On this occasion, Sarmad so deeply impressed the royal heir that he vowed to become his disciple.

Sarmad has been witnessed by the French physician and traveler, François Bernier, who reported Sarmad as a naked faqir.[8]

Death

After the War of Succession with his brother Dara Shikoh, Aurangzeb (1658-1707) emerged victorious, killed his former adversary and ascended the imperial throne. He had Sarmad arrested and tried for heresy. Sarmad was put to death by beheading in 1661.[13] His grave is located near the Jama Masjid in Delhi, India.

Sarmad was accused and convicted of atheism and unorthodox religious practice.[9]

Aurangzeb ordered his Ulema to ask Sarmad why he repeated only "There is no God", and ordered him to recite the second part,"but God".[10] To that he replied that "I am still absorbed with the negative part. Why should I tell a lie?" Thus he sealed his death sentence. Ali Khan-Razi, Aurangzeb's court chronicler, was present at the execution. He relates some of the mystic's verses uttered at the execution stand: "The Mullahs say Ahmed went to heaven, Sarmad says that heaven came down to Ahmed." ... "There was an uproar and we opened our eyes from the eternal sleep. Saw that the night of wickedness endured, so we slept again."

Abul Kalam Azad on Sarmad

Abul Kalam Azad, one of the leading political personalities involved in the Indian independence movement, compared himself to Sarmad, for his freedom of thought and expression.[11]

See also

  • Dabestan-e Mazaheb

References

1. ^{{cite web|last1=Prigarina|first1=Natalia|title=SARMAD: LIFE AND DEATH OF A SUFI|url=http://iph.ras.ru/uplfile/smirnov/ishraq/3/24_prig.pdf|website=Institute of Oriental Studies, Russia|accessdate=24 May 2016}}
2. ^Fishel, Walter. "Jews and Judaism at the Court of the Mugal Emperors in Medieval India," Islamic Culture, 25:105-31.
3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Puri|first=Rakshat|last2=Akhtar|first2=Kuldip|date=1993|title=Sarmad, The Naked Faqir|url=|journal=India International Centre Quarterly|volume=20|pages=65–78|via=JSTOR}}
4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RBkwnoDPKgUC|title=Sacred Spaces: Exploring Traditions of Shared Faith in India|last=Sikand|first=Yoginder|date=2003|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=9780143029311|language=en}}
5. ^{{citation|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=b7-bAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32|title=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Sarman|author=V. N. Datta|quote=Walderman Hansen doubts whether sensual passions played any part in their love [sic]; puri doubts about their homosexual relationship}}
6. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GR4vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33|title=The Jewish Encounter with Hinduism: History, Spirituality, Identity|last=Goshen-Gottstein|first=Alon|date=2017-08-01|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781137455291|language=en}}
7. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NpIQAQAAIAAJ|title=Sufism: Hermeneutics and doctrines|last=Ridgeon|first=Lloyd V. J.|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|year=|isbn=9780415426244|location=|pages=|language=en}}
8. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_oGHt7Z8o4sC|title=Travels in the Mogul Empire, AD 1656-1668|last=Bernier|first=Francois|date=1996|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120611696|language=en}}
9. ^{{cite news|title=Votary of freedom: Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Sarmad|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071007/spectrum/book1.htm|work=Tribune India|date=7 October 2007}}
10. ^{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Najmuddin|first=Shahzad Z.|title=Armenia: a Resumé: with Notes on Seth's Armenians in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BI8kFya06UC&pg=PT100|year=2005|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4120-4039-6}}
11. ^Votary of freedom - Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Sarmad by V. N. Datta, Tribune India, 7 October 2007
12. ^For discussion on his religious identity, see: Katz (2000).
13. ^1 For the motivations behind his trial as well as a detailed explanation of proceedings, see: Katz (2000) 151-153.
14. ^1 2 For some examples of his poetry, see: Poetry Chaikhana Sarmad: Poems and Biography.
.[13][14]
}}

Bibliography

  • Cook, D. (2007) Martyrdom in Islam (Cambridge) {{ISBN|9780521850407}}.
  • {{cite web |title=The Rubaiyat of Sarmad|author=Tr. by Syeda Sayidain Hameed| url = http://www.apnaorg.com/books/english/rubayat-sarmad/rubayat-sarmad.pdf |publisher= Indian Council for Cultural Relations|year=1991|ref=Ha}}
  • Ezekial, I.A. (1966) Sarmad: Jewish Saint of India (Beas) ASIN B0006EXYM6.
  • Gupta, M.G. (2000) Sarmad the Saint: Life and Works (Agra) {{ISBN|81-85532-32-X}}.
  • Katz, N. (2000) The Identity of a Mystic: The Case of Sa'id Sarmad, a Jewish-Yogi-Sufi Courtier of the Mughals in: Numen 47: 142-160.
  • Schimmel, A. And Muhammad Is His Messenger: The Veneration Of the Prophet In Islamic Piety (Chapel Hill & London).

External resources

{{Wikiquote}}
  • Sarmad, Mohammed Sa'id
  • Majid Sheikh, Sarmad the Armenian and Dara Shikoh
  • Sarmad, a mystic poet beheaded in 1661
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17 : Indian Jews|Iranian Jews|Indian Armenians|Iranian Armenian people|Jewish Pakistani history|Persian-language poets|1661 deaths|Year of birth unknown|17th-century Iranian people|17th-century Indian people|Sufi mystics|Converts to Islam from Judaism|History of Delhi|Mughal Empire Sufis|People executed by the Mughal Empire|Executed Indian people|Converts to Hinduism from Islam
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