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词条 Encephalitis
释义

  1. Signs and symptoms

  2. Cause

     Viral  Bacterial and other  Limbic encephalitis  Autoimmune encephalitis  Encephalitis lethargica 

  3. Diagnosis

  4. Prevention

  5. Treatment

  6. Prognosis

  7. Epidemiology

  8. Terminology

  9. See also

  10. References

  11. Further reading

  12. External links

{{short description|Brain disease that is characterized as an acute inflammation of the brain with flu-like symptoms}}{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Encephalitis
| image = Hsv_encephalitis.jpg
| caption = MRI scan image shows high signal in the temporal lobes and right inferior frontal gyrus in someone with HSV encephalitis.
| field = Neurology, infectious disease
| symptoms = Headache, fever, confusion, stiff neck, vomiting[1]
| complications = Seizures, trouble speaking, memory problems, problems hearing[1]
| onset =
| duration = Weeks to months for recovery[1]
| causes = Infection, autoimmune, certain medication, unknown[4]
| risks =
| types = Herpes simplex, West Nile, Rabies, Eastern equine encephalitis, others[4]
| diagnosis = Based on symptoms, supported by blood tests, medical imaging, analysis of cerebrospinal fluid[4]
| differential =
| prevention =
| treatment = Antiviral medication, anticonvulsants, corticosteroids, artificial respiration[1]
| medication =
| prognosis = Variable[1]
| frequency = 4.3 million (2015)[9]
| deaths = 150,000 (2015)[10]
}}Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain.[1] Severity is variable.[1] Symptoms may include headache, fever, confusion, a stiff neck, and vomiting.[1] Complications may include seizures, hallucinations, trouble speaking, memory problems, and problems with hearing.[2]

Causes of encephalitis include viruses such as herpes simplex virus and rabies as well as bacteria, fungi, or parasites.[2][4] Other causes include autoimmune diseases and certain medications.[3] In many cases the cause remains unknown.[3] Risk factors include a weak immune system.[3] Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and supported by blood tests, medical imaging, and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid.[3]

Certain types are preventable with vaccines.[1] Treatment may include antiviral medications (such as acyclovir), anticonvulsants, and corticosteroids.[2] Treatment generally takes place in hospital.[2] Some people require artificial respiration.[2] Once the immediate problem is under control, rehabilitation may be required.[3] In 2015, encephalitis was estimated to have affected 4.3 million people and resulted in 150,000 deaths worldwide.[4][5]

Signs and symptoms

Adult patients with encephalitis present with acute onset of fever, headache, confusion, and sometimes seizures. Younger children or infants may present irritability, poor appetite and fever.[6]

Neurological examinations usually reveal a drowsy or confused patient. Stiff neck, due to the irritation of the meninges covering the brain, indicates that the patient has either meningitis or meningoencephalitis.[7]

Cause

Viral

{{main|Viral encephalitis|Herpesviral encephalitis}}

Viral encephalitis can occur either as a direct effect of an acute infection, or as one of the sequelae of a latent infection. The majority of viral cases of encephalitis have an unknown cause, however the most common identifiable cause of viral encephalitis is from herpes simplex infection.[8] Other causes of acute viral encephalitis are rabies virus, poliovirus, and measles virus.[9]

Additional possible viral causes are arbovirus (St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile encephalitis virus), bunyavirus (La Crosse strain), arenavirus (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus), reovirus (Colorado tick virus), and henipaviruses.[10][11] The Powassan virus is a rare cause of encephalitis.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

Bacterial and other

It can be caused by a bacterial infection, such as bacterial meningitis,[12] or may be a complication of a current infectious disease syphilis (secondary encephalitis).[13]

Certain parasitic or protozoal infestations, such as toxoplasmosis, malaria, or primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, can also cause encephalitis in people with compromised immune systems. Lyme disease or Bartonella henselae may also cause encephalitis.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

Other bacterial pathogens, like Mycoplasma and those causing rickettsial disease, cause inflammation of the meninges and consequently encephalitis. A non-infectious cause includes acute disseminated encephalitis which is demyelinated.[14]

Limbic encephalitis

{{Main|Limbic encephalitis}}

Limbic encephalitis refers to inflammatory disease confined to the limbic system of the brain. The clinical presentation often includes disorientation, disinhibition, memory loss, seizures, and behavioral anomalies. MRI imaging reveals T2 hyperintensity in the structures of the medial temporal lobes, and in some cases, other limbic structures. Some cases of limbic encephalitis are of autoimmune origin.[15]

Autoimmune encephalitis

{{Main|Autoimmune encephalitis}}

Autoimmune encephalitis signs can include catatonia, psychosis, abnormal movements, and autonomic dysregulation. Antibody-mediated anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor encephalitis and Rasmussen encephalitis are examples of autoimmune encephalitis.[16] Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is the most common autoimmune form, and is accompanied by ovarian teratoma in 58 percent of affected women 18–45 years of age.[17]

Encephalitis lethargica

{{main|Encephalitis lethargica}}Encephalitis lethargica is identified by high fever, headache, delayed physical response, and lethargy. Individuals can exhibit upper body weakness, muscular pains, and tremors, though the cause of encephalitis lethargica is not currently known. From 1917 to 1928, an epidemic of encephalitis lethargica occurred worldwide.[18]

Diagnosis

People should only be diagnosed with encephalitis if they have a decreased or altered level of consciousness, lethargy, or personality change for at least twenty-four hours without any other explainable cause.[19] Diagnosing encephalitis is done via a variety of tests:[20]

  • Brain scan, done by MRI, can determine inflammation and differentiate from other possible causes.
  • EEG, in monitoring brain activity, encephalitis will produce abnormal signal.
  • Lumbar puncture (spinal tap), this helps determine via a test using the cerebral-spinal fluid, obtained from the lumbar region.
  • Blood test
  • Urine analysis
  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of the cerebrospinal fluid, to detect the presence of viral DNA which is a sign of viral encephalitis.[21]

Prevention

Vaccination is available against tick-borne[22] and Japanese encephalitis[23] and should be considered for at-risk individuals. Post-infectious encephalomyelitis complicating smallpox vaccination is avoidable, for all intents and purposes, as smallpox is nearly eradicated.[24] Contraindication to Pertussis immunization should be observed in patients with encephalitis.[25]

Treatment

Treatment (which is based on supportive care) is as follows:[26]

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
  • Antiviral medications (if virus is cause)
  • Antibiotics, (if bacteria is cause)
  • Steroids are used to reduce brain swelling
  • Sedatives for restlessness
  • Acetaminophen for fever
  • Occupational and physical therapy (if brain is affected post-infection)

}}Pyrimethamine-based maintenance therapy is often used to treat Toxoplasmic Encephalitis (TE), which is caused by Toxoplasma gondii and can be life-threatening for people with weak immune systems.[27] The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), in conjunction with the established pyrimethamine-based maintenance therapy, decreases the chance of relapse in patients with HIV and TE from approximately 18% to 11%.[27] This is a significant difference as relapse may impact the severity and prognosis of disease and result in an increase in healthcare expenditure.[27]

Prognosis

Identification of poor prognostic factors include cerebral edema, status epilepticus, and thrombocytopenia.[28] In contrast, a normal encephalogram at the early stages of diagnosis is associated with high rates of survival.[28]

Epidemiology

The number of new cases a year of acute encephalitis in Western countries is 7.4 cases per 100,000 people per year. In tropical countries, the incidence is 6.34 per 100,000 people per year.[29] The number of cases of encephalitis has not changed much over time, with about 250,000 cases a year from 2005 to 2015 in the US. Approximately seven per 100,000 people were hospitalized for encephalitis in the US during this time.[28] In 2015, encephalitis was estimated to have affected 4.3 million people and resulted in 150,000 deaths worldwide.[5][4] Herpes simplex encephalitis has an incidence of 2–4 per million of the population per year.[30]

Terminology

Encephalitis with meningitis is known as meningoencephalitis, while encephalitis with involvement of the spinal cord is known as encephalomyelitis.[3]

The word is from Ancient Greek ἐγκέφαλος, enképhalos "brain",[31] composed of ἐν, en, "in" and κεφαλή, kephalé, "head", and the medical suffix -itis "inflammation".[32]

See also

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
  • Rasmussen's encephalitis
  • Bickerstaff's encephalitis
  • La Crosse encephalitis
  • Wernicke's encephalopathy
  • Meningitis
  • Cerebritis
  • Encephalomyelitis
  • Zika Virus
  • Naegleriasis (primary amoebic meningoencephalitis/PAM)
  • World Encephalitis Day

}}{{clear}}

References

1. ^1 {{cite web|title=Encephalitis|url=https://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/encephalitis/Pages/introduction.aspx|website=NHS Choices|accessdate=29 October 2017|language=en|date=2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922022223/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Encephalitis/Pages/Introduction.aspx|archivedate=22 September 2017|df=}}
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{cite web|title=Meningitis and Encephalitis Information Page|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Meningitis-and-Encephalitis-Information-Page|website=NINDS|accessdate=29 October 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029065744/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Meningitis-and-Encephalitis-Information-Page|archivedate=29 October 2017|df=}}
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite web|title=Meningitis and Encephalitis Fact Sheet|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Meningitis-and-Encephalitis-Fact-Sheet|website=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|accessdate=29 October 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029065418/https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Meningitis-and-Encephalitis-Fact-Sheet|archivedate=29 October 2017|df=}}
4. ^1 2 {{cite journal |author=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators |title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 |journal=Lancet |date=8 October 2016 |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1545–1602 |pmid=27733282 |pmc=5055577 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}
5. ^1 2 {{cite journal |author=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators |title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. |journal=Lancet |date=8 October 2016 |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1459–1544 |pmid=27733281 |pmc=5388903 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}
6. ^{{cite web| title = Symptoms of encephalitis| url = http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Encephalitis/Pages/Symptoms.aspx| website = NHS| accessdate = 5 January 2015| deadurl = no| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150105142821/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Encephalitis/Pages/Symptoms.aspx| archivedate = 5 January 2015| df = }}
7. ^{{Cite book|title = Meningitis|url = https://books.google.com/?id=KI5p3pADvSsC&pg=PA90&dq=meningoencephalitis+symptoms+stiff+neck#v=onepage&q=meningoencephalitis%2520symptoms%2520stiff%2520neck&f=false|publisher = Infobase Publishing|date = 2010-01-01|isbn = 9781438132167|first = Brian|last = Shmaefsky|first2 = Hilary|last2 = Babcock|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151030224553/https://books.google.com/books?id=KI5p3pADvSsC&pg=PA90&dq=meningoencephalitis+symptoms+stiff+neck&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAGoVChMIk7_kzqCSxwIVQYsNCh2nzwvd#v=onepage&q=meningoencephalitis%2520symptoms%2520stiff%2520neck&f=false|archivedate = 2015-10-30|df = }}
8. ^{{cite book|last1=Roos|first1=Karen L.|last2=Tyler|first2=Kenneth L.|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine|date=2015|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|location=New York, NY|isbn=9780071802154|edition=19|chapter-url=http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1130§ionid=79734335|chapter=Meningitis, Encephalitis, Brain Abscess, and Empyema}}
9. ^{{cite journal |title=Measles-induced encephalitis |journal=QJM |year=2015 |volume=108 |pmid=24865261 |doi=10.1093/qjmed/hcu113 |last1=Fisher |first1=D. L. |last2=Defres |first2=S. |last3=Solomon |first3=T. |issue=3 |pages=177–182}}
10. ^{{Cite journal|title = Viral Encephalitis: Causes, Differential Diagnosis, and Management|url = http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/75/suppl_1/i10|journal = Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry|date = 2004-03-01|pmc = 1765650|pmid = 14978145|pages = i10–5|volume = 75|issue = Suppl 1|doi = 10.1136/jnnp.2003.034280|first = P. G. E.|last = Kennedy|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151002151809/http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/75/suppl_1/i10|archivedate = 2015-10-02|df = }}
11. ^{{cite book|pmc=4465348|year=2012|author1=Broder|first1=C. C|title=Henipavirus|journal=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology|volume=359|pages=197–223|last2=Geisbert|first2=T. W|last3=Xu|first3=K|last4=Nikolov|first4=D. B|last5=Wang|first5=L. F|last6=Middleton|first6=D|last7=Pallister|first7=J|last8=Bossart|first8=K. N|doi=10.1007/82_2012_213|pmid=22481140|isbn=978-3-642-29818-9}}
12. ^{{Cite book|title = Johns Hopkins Internal Medicine Board Review: Certification and Recertification|url = https://books.google.com/?id=KLBZ85zbTeYC&pg=PA113&dq=bacterial+meningitis+inflmation+of+encepha+definition#v=onepage&q=bacterial%2520meningitis%2520inflmation%2520of%2520encepha%2520definition&f=false|publisher = Elsevier Health Sciences|date = 2012-01-01|isbn = 978-1455706921|first = Bimal H.|last = Ashar|first2 = Redonda G.|last2 = Miller|first3 = Stephen D.|last3 = Sisson|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151129111640/https://books.google.com/books?id=KLBZ85zbTeYC&pg=PA113&dq=bacterial+meningitis+inflmation+of+encepha+definition&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CGAQ6AEwCGoVChMI8PLmjZqSxwIVS6KACh03_QJ_#v=onepage&q=bacterial%2520meningitis%2520inflmation%2520of%2520encepha%2520definition&f=false|archivedate = 2015-11-29|df = }}
13. ^{{Cite journal|title = Neurosyphilis with Mesiotemporal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Abnormalities|url = https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/internalmedicine/47/20/47_20_1813/_article|journal = Internal Medicine|date = 2008-01-01|pages = 1813–7|volume = 47|issue = 20|doi = 10.2169/internalmedicine.47.0983|first = Kiwa|last = Hama|first2 = Hiroshi|last2 = Ishiguchi|first3 = Tomikimi|last3 = Tuji|first4 = Hideto|last4 = Miwa|first5 = Tomoyoshi|last5 = Kondo|pmid = 18854635|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160131165307/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/internalmedicine/47/20/47_20_1813/_article|archivedate = 2016-01-31|df = }}
14. ^{{Cite journal|title = Encephalitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology|url = http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/791896-overview#a4|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150803144051/http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/791896-overview#a4|archivedate = 2015-08-03|df = |date = 2018-08-07}}
15. ^{{Cite book|title = Neuropsychological Neurology: The Neurocognitive Impairments of Neurological Disorders|url = https://books.google.com/?id=hO_lWEDsJYMC&pg=PA156&dq=limbic+encephalitis+definition#v=onepage&q=limbic%2520encephalitis%2520definition&f=false|publisher = Cambridge University Press|date = 2013-05-02|isbn = 9781107607606|first = A. J.|last = Larner|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151030055159/https://books.google.com/books?id=hO_lWEDsJYMC&pg=PA156&dq=limbic+encephalitis+definition&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAWoVChMIxouQj-2RxwIVBaKACh1J3w-x#v=onepage&q=limbic%2520encephalitis%2520definition&f=false|archivedate = 2015-10-30|df = }}
16. ^{{Cite journal|title = Autoimmune Encephalitis in Children|journal = Journal of Child Neurology|date = 2012-11-01|pmc = 3705178|pmid = 22935553|pages = 1460–9|volume = 27|issue = 11|doi = 10.1177/0883073812448838|first = Thaís|last = Armangue|first2 = Mar|last2 = Petit-Pedrol|first3 = Josep|last3 = Dalmau}}
17. ^{{cite journal|last1=Ropper|first1=Allan H.|last2=Dalmau|first2=Josep|last3=Graus|first3=Francesc|title=Antibody-Mediated Encephalitis|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=March 2018|volume=378|issue=9|pages=840–851|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1708712|pmid=29490181}}
18. ^{{NINDS|encephalitis_lethargica}}
19. ^{{cite journal|last1=Venkatesan|first1=A|last2=Tunkel|first2=AR|last3=Bloch|first3=KC|last4=Lauring|first4=AS|last5=Sejvar|first5=J|last6=Bitnun|first6=A|last7=Stahl|first7=JP|last8=Mailles|first8=A|last9=Drebot|first9=M|last10=Rupprecht|first10=CE|last11=Yoder|first11=J|last12=Cope|first12=JR|last13=Wilson|first13=MR|last14=Whitley|first14=RJ|last15=Sullivan|first15=J|last16=Granerod|first16=J|last17=Jones|first17=C|last18=Eastwood|first18=K|last19=Ward|first19=KN|last20=Durrheim|first20=DN|last21=Solbrig|first21=MV|last22=Guo-Dong|first22=L|last23=Glaser|first23=CA|last24=International Encephalitis|first24=Consortium.|title=Case definitions, diagnostic algorithms, and priorities in encephalitis: consensus statement of the international encephalitis consortium.|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|date=October 2013|volume=57|issue=8|pages=1114–28|doi=10.1093/cid/cit458|pmid=23861361|pmc=3783060}}
20. ^{{Cite web|title = Encephalitis: Diagnosis|work = NHS Choices|url = http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Encephalitis/Pages/Diagnosis.aspx|accessdate = 2015-08-05|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150716081924/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Encephalitis/Pages/Diagnosis.aspx|archivedate = 2015-07-16|df = }}
21. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Kneen R, Michael BD, Menson E, Mehta B, Easton A, Hemingway C, Klapper PE, Vincent A, Lim M, Carrol E, Solomon T |title=Management of suspected viral encephalitis in children - Association of British Neurologists and British Paediatric Allergy, Immunology and Infection Group national guidelines |journal=J. Infect. |volume=64 |issue=5 |pages=449–77 |year=2012 |pmid=22120594 |doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2011.11.013 |url=}}
22. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/ith/vaccines/tbe/en/ |title=Tick-borne Encephalitis: Vaccine |work=International travel and health |publisher=World Health Organization |accessdate=2 April 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203053717/http://www.who.int/ith/vaccines/tbe/en/ |archivedate=3 December 2013 |df= }}
23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/immunization/topics/japanese_encephalitis/en/ |title=Japanese encephalitis |work=Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals |publisher=World Health Organization |accessdate=2 April 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203031151/http://www.who.int/immunization/topics/japanese_encephalitis/en/ |archivedate=3 December 2013 |df= }}
24. ^{{Cite web|title = CDC Media Statement on Newly Discovered Smallpox Specimens|url = https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/s0708-NIH.html|website = www.cdc.gov|accessdate = 2016-05-19|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160520220838/http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/s0708-NIH.html|archivedate = 2016-05-20|df = |date = January 2016}}
25. ^{{Cite web |work=Vaccines |title=Contraindications and Precautions to Commonly Used Vaccines in Adults |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/adult-contraindications.html |accessdate=2015-08-05 |publisher=Center for Disease Control |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823024025/http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/adult-contraindications.html |archivedate=2015-08-23 |df= }}
26. ^{{MedlinePlus|001415|Encephalitis}}
27. ^1 2 {{cite journal |vauthors=Connolly MP, Goodwin E, Schey C, Zummo J |title=Toxoplasmic encephalitis relapse rates with pyrimethamine-based therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis |journal= Pathogens and Global Health. |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=31–44 |year=2017 |pmid=28090819 |doi=10.1080/20477724.2016.1273597 |pmc=5375610}}
28. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last1=Venkatesan|first1=A|title=Epidemiology and outcomes of acute encephalitis.|journal=Current Opinion in Neurology|date=June 2015|volume=28|issue=3|pages=277–82|doi=10.1097/WCO.0000000000000199|pmid=25887770}}
29. ^{{Cite journal | vauthors=Jmor F, Emsley HC, Fischer M, Solomon T, Lewthwaite P | title=The incidence of acute encephalitis syndrome in Western industrialised and tropical countries | journal=Virology Journal | volume=5 | issue=134 |date=October 2008 | pmid=18973679 | pmc=2583971 | doi=10.1186/1743-422X-5-134 | pages=134| displayauthors=2 | last3=Fischer | first3=M | last4=Solomon | first4=T | last5=Lewthwaite | first5=P }}
30. ^{{Cite journal | last=Rozenberg | first=F |author2=Deback C |author3=Agut H | title=Herpes simplex encephalitis: from virus to therapy | journal=Infectious Disorders Drug Targets | volume=11 | issue=3 | pages=235–250 |date=June 2011 | pmid=21488834 | doi=10.2174/187152611795768088 }}
31. ^{{cite web |publisher=The University of Chicago Library |title=Woodhouse's English-Greek Dictionary|url=http://artflx.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/efts/dicos/woodhouse_test.pl?keyword=^Brain,%20subs. |access-date=2013-01-10 |language=German}}
32. ^The word seems to have had a meaning of “lithic imitation of the human brain” at first, according to the Trésor de la langue française informatisé (cf. the article on “encéphalite” {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105194524/http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/enc%C3%A9phalite |date=2017-11-05 }}). The first use in the medical sense is attested from the early 19th century in French (J. Capuron, Nouveau dictionnaire de médecine, chirurgie…, 1806), and from 1843 in English respectively (cf. the article “encephalitis” in the Online Etymology Dictionary). Retrieved 11 March 2017.

Further reading

{{refbegin}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Steiner |first1=I. |last2=Budka |first2=H. |last3=Chaudhuri |first3=A. |last4=Koskiniemi |first4=M. |last5=Sainio |first5=K. |last6=Salonen |first6=O. |last7=Kennedy |first7=P. G. E. |title=Viral encephalitis: a review of diagnostic methods and guidelines for management |journal=European Journal of Neurology |date=1 May 2005 |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=331–343 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-1331.2005.01126.x |pmid=15804262}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Basavaraju |first1=Sridhar V. |last2=Kuehnert |first2=Matthew J. |last3=Zaki |first3=Sherif R. |last4=Sejvar |first4=James J. |title=Encephalitis Caused by Pathogens Transmitted through Organ Transplants, United States, 2002–2013 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=September 2014 |volume=20 |issue=9 |pages=1443–51 |doi=10.3201/eid2009.131332 |pmid=25148201 |pmc=4178385}}
  • {{Cite web|title = Encephalitis |publisher=National Library of Medicine|url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024785/|work = PubMed Health|accessdate = 2015-08-05|author = National Center for Biotechnology Information}}
{{refend}}

External links

  • WHO: Viral Encephalitis
{{Medical condition classification and resources
| DiseasesDB = 22543
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|83||a|80}}-{{ICD10|A|86||a|80}}, {{ICD10|B|94|1|b|90}}, {{ICD10|G|05||g|00}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|323}}
| MedlinePlus = 001415
| eMedicineSubj = emerg
| eMedicineTopic = 163
| MeshID = D004660
}}{{Inflammation}}{{Diseases of the nervous system}}{{Authority control}}

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