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词条 Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings
释义

  1. Openings covered

     Volume A: Flank openings  Volume B: Semi-Open Games other than the French Defense  Volume C: Open Games and the French Defense  Volume D: Closed Games and Semi-Closed Games  Volume E: Indian Defenses 

  2. Main ECO codes

     A  B  C  D  E 

  3. First edition

  4. Second edition

  5. Third edition

  6. Fourth edition

  7. Fifth edition

  8. See also

  9. References

  10. External links

{{multiple issues|{{no footnotes|date=March 2017}}{{primary sources|date=March 2017}}{{update|date=March 2017}}
}}{{Italic title}}

The Encyclopedia of Chess Openings (or {{italics correction|ECO}}) is a classification system for the opening moves in chess. It is presented as a five-volume book collection (now also a computer database) describing chess openings. The moves were taken from hundreds of thousands of games between masters, from published analysis in the Chess Informant since 1966, and then compiled by notable chess players. The main editor is Aleksandar Matanović. Both the ECO and the Chess Informant are published by the Serbian company Šahovski Informator (Chess Informant). These openings are typically provided in an ECO table that concisely presents the best opening lines.

The books contain only a small amount of text, which is in eight languages. The bulk of the book consists of diagrams of positions and chess moves in International figurine algebraic notation, with special symbols for comments about moves (see Chess annotation symbols).

Instead of the traditional names for the openings, ECO has developed a coding system that has also been adopted by other chess publications. There are five main categories, "A" to "E", each of which is divided into 100 subcategories.

ECO codes generally only cover openings that are commonly seen at the master/grandmaster level of play and which have a significant body of high quality games to draw examples from. Openings such as the Latvian Gambit (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 f5) and Grob's Attack (1.g4) are not given their own ECO code as in practice, they are almost never seen outside amateur-level play. These openings are all lumped under a single code such as E00 or A00.

ECO code is a registered trademark of Chess Informant.

{{algebraic notation|pos=tocleft}}

Openings covered

Volume A: Flank openings

  • English Opening
  • Benoni Defense
  • Dutch Defence
  • Réti Opening
  • Benko Gambit
  • Old Indian Defense
  • Bird's Opening
  • Irregular openings, etc.

Volume B: Semi-Open Games other than the French Defense

  • Sicilian Defence
  • Caro-Kann Defence
  • Pirc Defence
  • Alekhine's Defence
  • Modern Defense
  • Scandinavian Defense, etc.

Volume C: Open Games and the French Defense

  • Ruy Lopez
  • French Defence
  • Petrov's Defence
  • Vienna Game
  • Center Game
  • King's Gambit
  • Philidor Defence
  • Italian (Giuoco Piano, Evans Gambit, Hungarian Defense, and Two Knights)
  • Scotch Game
  • Four Knights Game, etc.
  • King's Pawn Opening, etc (covers unusual/rare 1. e4 openings such as the Elephant Gambit and Ponziani Opening).

Volume D: Closed Games and Semi-Closed Games

(including Grünfeld Defence but not other Indian Defenses)

  • Queen's Gambit
    • Accepted
    • Declined (Slav, Orthodox, Tarrasch, Tartakower, Albin Countergambit, etc.)
  • Grünfeld Defence
  • Queen's Pawn Game, etc.

Volume E: Indian Defenses

(other than Grünfeld Defence and Old Indian Defense)

  • Nimzo-Indian Defence
  • Queen's Indian Defense
  • King's Indian Defence
  • Catalan Opening
  • Bogo-Indian Defence, etc.

Main ECO codes

{{main|List of chess openings}}

A

  • White first moves other than 1.e4, 1.d4 (A00–A39)
  • 1.d4 without 1...d5, 1...Nf6: Atypical replies to 1.d4 (A40–A44)
  • 1.d4 Nf6 without 2.c4: Atypical replies to 1...Nf6 (A45–A49)
  • 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 without 2...e6, 2...g6: Atypical Indian systems (A50–A79)
  • 1.d4 f5: Dutch Defence (A80–A99)

B

  • 1.e4 without 1...c6, 1...c5, 1...e6, 1...e5 (B00–B09)
  • 1.e4 c6: Caro–Kann Defence (B10–B19)
  • 1.e4 c5: Sicilian Defence (B20–B99)

C

  • 1.e4 e6: French Defence (C00–C19)
  • 1.e4 e5: Double King Pawn games (C20–C99)

D

  • 1.d4 d5: Double Queen Pawn games (D00–D69)
  • 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 with 3...d5: Grünfeld Defence (D70–D99)

E

  • 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6: Indian systems with ...e6 (E00–E59)
  • 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 without 3...d5: Indian systems with ...g6 (except Grünfeld) (E60–E99)

First edition

The first edition was published in the following years:

  • Volume A: 1979
  • Volume B: 1975
  • Volume C: 1974
  • Volume D: 1976
  • Volume E: 1978
>
Volume D (1976)
Code Author
00–01 Bagirov, Vladimir
94–95 Bagirov, Vladimir
60–65 Barcza, Gedeon
60–65 Florian, Tibor
70–79 Botvinnik, Mikhail
98–99 Botvinnik, Mikhail
70–79 Abramov, Lev
98–99 Abramov, Lev
56–57 Bukić, Enver
02–05 Cvetković, Srđan
02–05 Sokolov, Vladimir
31–32 Euwe, Max
50–55 Filip, Miroslav
45–46 Gheorghiu, Florin
45–46 Samarian, Sergiu
38–39 Gipslis, Aivars
80 Gipslis, Aivars
90–91 Gipslis, Aivars
58–59 Hort, Vlastimil
66–69 Judovič, Mihail
85–89 Karpov, Anatoly
43–44 Korchnoi, Viktor
47–49 Korchnoi, Viktor
15–19 Kotov, Alexander
33–34 Larsen, Bent
30 Matanović, Aleksandar
35–36 Matanović, Aleksandar
30 Ugrinović, Dragan
35–36 Ugrinović, Dragan
25 Matulović, Milan
25 Krnić, Zdenko
06–09 Minev, Nikolay
37–38 Minev, Nikolay
40–42 Parma, Bruno
26–29 Polugaevsky, Lev
96–97 Smyslov, Vasily
10–14 Suetin, Alexey
20–24 Taimanov, Mark
81–84 Uhlmann, Wolfgang
92–93 Uhlmann, Wolfgang
Volume E (1978)
Code Author
00–05 Averbakh, Yuri
00–05 Neishtadt, Yakov
32–37 Bagirov, Vladimir
67–69 Boleslavsky, Isaac
67–69 Lepeshkin, Vladimir
27–29 Botvinnik, Mikhail
47–49 Botvinnik, Mikhail
27–29 Abramov, Lev
47–49 Abramov, Lev
97–99 Byrne, Robert
97–99 Mednis, Edmar
90–92 Euwe, Max
46 Filip, Miroslav
56–59 Filip, Miroslav
10–11 Gipslis, Aivars
20–23 Gipslis, Aivars
95–96 Vlastimil Hort
54–55 Ivkov, Borislav
52 Judovič, Mihail
83–84 Karpov, Anatoly
83–84 Razuvayev, Yuri
43 Kotov, Alexander
50–51 Kotov, Alexander
06–07 Krnić, Zdenko
93–94 Krnić, Zdenko
06–07 Cvetković, Srđan
93–94 Cvetković, Srđan
85–86 Larsen, Bent
87–89 Lilienthal, Andor
87–89 Florian, Tibor
08–09 Matanović, Aleksandar
15–19 Matanović, Aleksandar
08–09 Ugrinović, Dragan
15–19 Ugrinović, Dragan
70–72 Minev, Nikolay
76–79 Minev, Nikolay
24–26 Parma, Bruno
53 Parma, Bruno
14 Polugaevsky, Lev
73–75 Polugaevsky, Lev
80–82 Razuvayev, Yuri
12–13 Suetin, Alexey
30–31 Taimanov, Mark
40–45 Taimanov, Mark
60–63 Uhlmann, Wolfgang
38–39 Unzicker, Wolfgang
64–66 Wade, Robert

Second edition

The second edition was published in the following years:

Volume B (1984)
Code Author
04–05 Bagirov, Vladimir
18–19 Bagirov, Vladimir
13–14 Botvinnik, Mikhail
13–14 Abramov, Lev
10 Filip, Miroslav
12 Filip, Miroslav
15 Filip, Miroslav
17 Filip, Miroslav
36–39 Filip, Miroslav
70–79 Geller, Efim
95–99 Gipslis, Aivars
20–21 Gufeld, Eduard
23–26 Gufeld, Eduard
02–03 Hort, Vlastimil
80–85 Kasparov, Garry
30–31 Korchnoi, Viktor
34–35 Korchnoi, Viktor
28–29 Krnić, Zdenko
87 Krnić, Zdenko
28–29 Cvetković, Srđan
00–01 Larsen, Bent
16 Larsen, Bent
60–69 Matanović, Aleksandar
60–69 Ugrinović, Dragan
06 Minev, Nikolay
11 Minev, Nikolay
57 Nunn, John
88–89 Nunn, John
07–09 Parma, Bruno
44 Polugaevsky, Lev
50–53 Polugaevsky, Lev
86 Polugaevsky, Lev
90–94 Polugaevsky, Lev
96 Polugaevsky, Lev
27 Suetin, Alexey
54–56 Suetin, Alexey
58–59 Suetin, Alexey
22 Sveshnikov, Evgeny
33 Sveshnikov, Evgeny
40–43 Taimanov, Mark
45–49 Taimanov, Mark
32 Uhlmann, Wolfgang

Third edition

The third edition was published in the following years:

Fourth edition

The fourth edition was published in the following years:

Fifth edition

The fifth edition was published in the following years:

See also

References


| last=Matanović | first=Aleksandar | authorlink1=Aleksandar Matanović
| last2=Molorović | first2=Milivoje | last3=Božić | first3=Aleksandar
| title=Classification of Chess Openings | publisher=Chess Informant
| year=1971
}}
| author1=Abramov, Lev
| authorlink2=Vladimir Bagirov| author2=Bagirov, Vladimir| authorlink3=Mikhail Botvinnik| author3=Botvinnik, Mikhail| author4=Cvetkovic, Srdan| authorlink5=Miroslav Filip| author5=Filip, Miroslav| authorlink6=Efim Geller| author6=Geller, Efim| authorlink7=Aivars Gipslis| author7=Gipslis, Aivars| authorlink8=Eduard Gufeld| author8=Gufeld, Eduard| authorlink9=Vlastimil Hort| author9=Hort, Vlastimil| authorlink10=Garry Kasparov| author10=Kasparov, Garry| authorlink11=Viktor Korchnoi| author11=Korchnoi, Viktor| author12=Krnic, Zdenko| authorlink13=Bent Larsen| author13=Larsen, Bent| authorlink14=Aleksandar Matanović| author14=Matanović, Aleksandar| authorlink15=Nikolay Minev| author15=Minev, Nikolay| authorlink16=John Nunn| author16=Nunn, John| authorlink17=Bruno Parma| author17=Parma, Bruno| authorlink18=Lev Polugaevsky| author18=Polugaevsky, Lev| authorlink19=Alexey Suetin| author19=Suetin, Alexey| authorlink20=Evgeny Sveshnikov| author20=Sveshnikov, Evgeny| authorlink21=Mark Taimanov| author21=Taimanov, Mark| author22=Ugrinovic, Dragan| authorlink23=Wolfgang Uhlmann| author23=Uhlmann, Wolfgang
| year=1984
| title=Encyclopedia of Chess Openings, volume B
| edition=2nd | location=Belgrade | publisher=Chess Informant
| isbn=0-7134-3716-2}}

External links


|url = https://www.chessinformant.org/content/eco/index.html
|title = ECO code – Overview
|author = Publisher website
|deadurl = yes
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160913144956/http://www.chessinformant.org/content/eco/index.html
|archivedate = 2016-09-13
|df =
}}
| url=http://www.geocities.com/siliconvalley/lab/7378/eco.htm
| title=ECO codes with names
| author=Bill Wall
| archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/siliconvalley/lab/7378/eco.htm&date=2010-02-20+10:14:24
| archivedate=2010-02-20}}
| url=https://www.cleanchess.com/encyclopedia-of-chess-openings
| title=ECO – Encyclopedia of Chess Openings
| author=Website Clean Chess}}
| url=http://www.chessarch.com/library/0000_eco/index.shtml
| title=Openings
| publisher=Chess Archaeology}} ECO codes with names{{Chess|state=collapsed}}

4 : Chess openings|Chess books|Chess in Serbia|20th-century encyclopedias

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