| 词条 | Scaphiopus holbrookii |
| 释义 |
| image = Scaphiopus holbrookii1-.jpg | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | taxon = Scaphiopus holbrookii | authority = (Harlan, 1835) | synonyms =* Rana holbrookii Harlan, 1835
}}Scaphiopus holbrookii, commonly known as the eastern spadefoot, is a species of American spadefoot toad (family Scaphiopodidae) endemic to the United States.[1][2] Geographic rangeIt is found in the southeastern United States, except for mountainous areas, and is also found northward along the Atlantic Coast, through the Mid-Atlantic states, into southern New England, including eastern Massachusetts. It is found in inland states such as Pennsylvania and New York, but only as far westward as the appalacian mountains, and the Hudson River Valley in New York.[3] DescriptionThe average length (head + body) of an adult Eastern spadefoot is {{cvt|1+3/4|-|2+1/4|in|mm|order=flip}}. It is brownish with two yellowish stripes on its back. These stripes, which begin on the upper eyelids, may diverge or converge, resulting in a pattern resembling a lyre or an hourglass. Some specimens may be very dark, with less distinct markings.[3]It has one spur on each of its back feet for burrowing.[6] A similar species is the Hurter's spadefoot toad, which was once considered a subspecies of Scaphiopus holbrookii.[4] BehaviorIt spends almost all of its life deep underground; coming out only to breed, and sometimes eat. It remains in a type of hibernation almost all its life. It burrows in a spiral, preferring sandy soils. Recent research has looked into the habitat selection of the Scaphiopus holbrookii and has found that it tends to hover around upland areas. They have shown preference for being close to deciduous shrub edges, ground running pitch pine branches, and reindeer lichen. This habitat selection makes sense within the context of Scaphiopus holbrookii evolutionary history. This environment provides an easy place to burrow land, with dense prey biomass, and protection from predators.[5] EtymologyThe epithet, holbrookii, is in honor of John Edwards Holbrook, American herpetologist.[6] References1. ^1 {{cite journal | author = IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group | title = Scaphiopus holbrookii | journal = IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume= 2015 | page = e.T59042A64981907 | year = 2015 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T59042A64981907.en }} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Scaphiopodidae/Scaphiopus/Scaphiopus-holbrookii |title=Scaphiopus holbrookii (Harlan, 1835) |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2015 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |accessdate=4 January 2016}} 3. ^1 Conant, Roger. 1975. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Second Edition. Houghton Mifflin. Boston. 429 pp. {{ISBN|0-395-19977-8}} (pbk.) (Scaphiopus holbrooki holbrooki, p. 299 + Plate 44 + Map 253.) 4. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.enature.com/fieldguides/detail.asp?allSpecies=y&searchText=Spade%20foot%20toad&curGroupID=7&lgfromWhere=&curPageNum=2|title=Eastern Spadefoot Toad|website=eNature|accessdate=28 March 2016}} 5. ^Timm, Brad C., et al. “Upland Movement Patterns and Habitat Selection of Adult Eastern Spadefoots (Scaphiopus Holbrookii) at Cape Cod National Seashore.” Journal of Herpetology, vol. 48, no. 1, 2014, pp. 84–97., doi:10.1670/12-201. 6. ^{{cite book|author1=Bo Beolens|author2=Michael Watkins|author3=Michael Grayson|title=The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJY3BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA96|date=22 April 2013|publisher=Pelagic Publishing|isbn=978-1-907807-44-2|pages=96}} External links
6 : Toads|Scaphiopus|Endemic fauna of the United States|Amphibians of the United States|Fauna of the Southeastern United States|Amphibians described in 1835 |
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