| 词条 | Scaphoid fracture | |||
| 释义 |
| name = Scaphoid fracture | synonyms = Carpal scaphoid fracture, carpal navicular fracture[1] | image = X-ray of scaphoid fracture.png | caption = A X-ray showing a fracture through the waist of the scaphoid | pronounce = | field = Plastic surgery, emergency medicine | symptoms = Pain at the base of the thumb, swelling[2] | complications = Nonunion, avascular necrosis, arthritis[2][1] | onset = | duration = | types = Proximal, medial, distal[2] | causes = Fall on an outstretched hand[2] | risks = | diagnosis = Examination, X-rays, MRI, bone scan[2] | differential = Distal radius fracture, De Quervain's tenosynovitis, scapholunate dissociation, wrist sprain[2][1] | prevention = Wrist guards[1] | treatment = Not displaced: Cast[2] Displaced: Surgery[2] | medication = | prognosis = Healing may take up to six months[1] | frequency = | deaths = }} A scaphoid fracture is a break of the scaphoid bone in the wrist.[1] Symptoms generally includes pain at the base of the thumb which is worse with use of the hand.[2] The anatomic snuffbox is generally tender and swelling may occur.[2] Complications may include nonunion of the fracture, avascular necrosis, and arthritis.[2][1] Scaphoid fractures are most commonly caused by a fall on an outstretched hand.[2] Diagnosis is generally based on examination and medical imaging.[2] Some fractures may not be visible on plain X-rays.[2] In such cases a person may be casted with repeat X-rays in two weeks or an MRI or bone scan may be done.[2] The fracture may be preventable by using wrist guards during certain activities.[1] In those in whom the fracture remains well aligned a cast is generally sufficient.[2] If the fracture is displaced then surgery is generally recommended.[2] Healing may take up to six months.[1] It is the most common wrist bone fracture.[3] Males are affected more often than females.[2] Signs and symptomsPeople with scaphoid fractures generally have snuff box tenderness. Focal tenderness is usually present in one of three places: 1) volar prominence at the distal wrist for distal pole fractures; 2) anatomic snuff box for waist or midbody fractures; 3) distal to Lister's tubercle for proximal pole fractures.[29] ComplicationsAvascular necrosis (AVN) is a common complication of a scaphoid fracture. Since the scaphoid blood supply comes from two different vascular branches of the radial artery, fractures can limit access to blood supply.[4]Risk of AVN depends on the location of the fracture.
Non union can also occur from undiagnosed or undertreated scaphoid fractures. Arterial flow to the scaphoid enters via the distal pole and travels to the proximal pole. This blood supply is tenuous, increasing the risk of nonunion, particularly with fractures at the wrist and proximal end.[29] If not treated correctly non-union of the scaphoid fracture can lead to wrist osteoarthritis. Symptoms may include aching in the wrist, decreased range of motion of the wrist, and pain during activities such as lifting or gripping. If x-ray results show arthritis due to an old break, the treatment plan will first focus on treating the arthritis through anti-inflammatory medications and wearing a splint when an individual feels pain in the wrist. If these treatments do not help the symptoms of arthritis, steroid injections to the wrist may help alleviate pain. Should these treatments not work, surgery may be required.[5] MechanismFractures of scaphoid can occur either with direct axial compression or with hyperextension of the wrist, such as a fall on the palm on an outstretched hand (FOOSH). Using the Herbert classification system, there are three main types of scaphoid fractures. 10%-20% of fractures are at the proximal pole, 60%-80% are at the waist (middle), and the remainder occur at the distal pole.[6][34][4] DiagnosisScaphoid fractures are often diagnosed by PA and lateral X-rays. However, not all fractures are apparent initially.[7] Therefore, people with tenderness over the scaphoid (those who exhibit pain to pressure in the anatomic snuff box ) are often splinted in a thumb spica for 7–10 days at which point a second set of X-rays is taken.[7] If there was a hairline fracture, healing will now be apparent. Even then a fracture may not be apparent. A CT Scan can then be used to evaluate the scaphoid with greater resolution. The use of MRI, if available, is preferred over CT and can give one an immediate diagnosis.[8] Bone scintigraphy is also an effective method for diagnosis fracture which do not appear on Xray.[9] TreatmentTreatment of scaphoid fractures is guided by the location in the bone of the fracture (proximal, waist, distal), displacement (or instability) of the fracture, and patient tolerance for cast immobilization. Non displaced or minimally displaced waist and distal fractures have a high rate of union with closed cast management. The choice of short arm, short arm thumb spica or long arm cast is debated in the medical literature and no clear consensus or proof of the benefit of one type of casting or another has been shown; although it is generally accepted to use a short arm or short arm thumb spica for non displaced fractures.[7] Non displaced or minimally displaced fracture can also be treated with percutaneous or minimal incision surgery which if performed correctly has a high union rate, low morbidity and faster return to activity than closed cast management.[11] Fractures that are more proximal take longer to heal. It is expected the distal third will heal in 6 to 8 weeks, the middle third will take 8–12 weeks, and the proximal third will take 12–24 weeks.[7][4] The Scaphoid receives its blood supply primarily from lateral and distal branches of the radial artery. Blood flows from the top/distal end of the bone in a retrograde fashion down to the proximal pole; if this blood flow is disrupted by a fracture, the bone may not heal. Surgery is necessary at this point to mechanically mend the bone together. Percutaneous screw fixation is recommended over a wide surgical approach as this method preserves the palmar ligament complex and local vasculature, and helps avoid postoperative complications. This surgery includes screwing the scaphoid bone back together at the most perpendicular angle possible to promote quicker and stronger healing of the bone. During this procedure, slight excavation of the edge of the trapezium bone may be necessary to reach the scaphoid as 80% of this bone is covered with articular cartilage, which makes it difficult to gain access to the scaphoid.[12] EpidemiologyFractures of the scaphoid are common in young males.[13] They are less common in children and older adults because the distal radius is weaker contributor to the wrist and more likely to fracture in these age groups.[7] Scaphoid fractures account for 50%-80% of carpal injuries.[4] TerminologyThese are also called navicular fractures (the scaphoid also being called the carpal navicular), although this can be confused with the navicular bone in the foot. {{-}}References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web|title=Scaphoid Fracture of the Wrist|url=http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00012|website=AAOS|accessdate=12 October 2017|date=March 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924044900/http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00012|archivedate=24 September 2017|df=}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 {{cite journal|last1=Phillips|first1=TG|last2=Reibach|first2=AM|last3=Slomiany|first3=WP|title=Diagnosis and management of scaphoid fractures.|journal=American Family Physician|date=1 September 2004|volume=70|issue=5|pages=879–84|pmid=15368727}} 3. ^{{cite journal|last1=Tada|first1=K|last2=Ikeda|first2=K|last3=Okamoto|first3=S|last4=Hachinota|first4=A|last5=Yamamoto|first5=D|last6=Tsuchiya|first6=H|title=Scaphoid Fracture--Overview and Conservative Treatment.|journal=Hand Surgery|date=2015|volume=20|issue=2|pages=204–9|doi=10.1142/S0218810415400018|pmid=26051761}} 4. ^1 2 3 {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/960851324|title=Handbook of fractures|last=1967-|first=Egol, Kenneth A.,|date=2015|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health|others=Koval, Kenneth J., Zuckerman, Joseph D. (Joseph David), 1952-, Ovid Technologies, Inc.|isbn=1451193629|edition=5th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=960851324}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url = http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00012|title = Scaphoid Fracture of the Wrist|date = 2010|accessdate = November 30, 2015|website = Ortho Info|publisher = American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons|last = Jones|first = Bertrand MD|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151207043733/http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00012|archivedate = December 7, 2015|df = }} 6. ^1 2 {{cite web|last1=deWeber|first1=Kevin|title=Scaphoid fractures|url=http://www.uptodate.com/contents/scaphoid-fractures?source=search_result&search=scaphoid+fracture&selectedTitle=1%7E18|website=UpToDate.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029214923/http://www.uptodate.com/contents/scaphoid-fractures?source=search_result&search=scaphoid+fracture&selectedTitle=1%7E18|archivedate=2013-10-29|df=}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/706805938|title=Essentials of musculoskeletal care|date=2010|publisher=American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons|others=Sarwark, John F.|isbn=089203579X|location=Rosemont, Ill.|oclc=706805938}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bestbets.org/bets/bet.php?id=877|title=BestBets: Magnetic resonance imaging of suspected scaphoid fractures|work=|format=|accessdate=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616165500/http://bestbets.org/bets/bet.php?id=877|archivedate=2010-06-16|df=}} 9. ^{{cite journal|date=March 2010|title=Diagnosing suspected scaphoid fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis|url=|journal=Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res.|volume=468|issue=3|pages=723–34|doi=10.1007/s11999-009-1081-6|pmc=2816764|pmid=19756904|vauthors=Yin ZG, Zhang JB, Kan SL, Wang XG}} 10. ^{{cite journal|last1=Jarraya|first1=Mohamed|last2=Hayashi|first2=Daichi|last3=Roemer|first3=Frank W.|last4=Crema|first4=Michel D.|last5=Diaz|first5=Luis|last6=Conlin|first6=Jane|last7=Marra|first7=Monica D.|last8=Jomaah|first8=Nabil|last9=Guermazi|first9=Ali|title=Radiographically Occult and Subtle Fractures: A Pictorial Review|journal=Radiology Research and Practice|volume=2013|year=2013|pages=1–10|issn=2090-1941|doi=10.1155/2013/370169}} [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ CC-BY 3.0] 11. ^{{cite journal |title=Percutaneous fixation of scaphoid fractures|journal=J Am Acad Orthop Surg. |volume=15 |issue=8 |pages=474–85 |date=Aug 2007 |pmid=17664367 |url= |author=Gutow AP}} 12. ^{{Cite web|url = https://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/surgery?showPage=redfix&bone=Hand&segment=Scaphoid&classification=72-Scaphoid,%20Undisplaced&treatment=&method=Undisplaced%20waist%20fracture&implantstype=Percutaneous%20screw%20fixation&approach=&redfix_url=1291127800041&Language=en|title = Percutaneous Screw Fixation|date = |accessdate = November 30, 2015|website = AO Foundation|publisher = |last = Kastelec|first = Matej|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208073534/https://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/surgery?showPage=redfix&bone=Hand&segment=Scaphoid&classification=72-Scaphoid,%20Undisplaced&treatment=&method=Undisplaced%20waist%20fracture&implantstype=Percutaneous%20screw%20fixation&approach=&redfix_url=1291127800041&Language=en|archivedate = December 8, 2015|df = }} 13. ^{{cite book|title=Beasley's Surgery of the Hand|year=2003|publisher=Thieme New York|isbn=9781282950023|page=188}} External links{{Medical resources| DiseasesDB = | ICD10 = {{ICD10|S|62|0|s|60}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|814}}.x1 | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = emerg | eMedicineTopic = 844 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|radio|747}} {{eMedicine2|plastic|318}} {{eMedicine2|pmr|127}} | MeshID = }}
3 : Bone fractures|Injuries of wrist and hand|RTT |
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