词条 | Science and technology in South Africa |
释义 |
The first significant work in astronomy in South Africa was performed by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille between 1751 and 1753, culminating in the measurement of the arc of the southern meridian and a catalog of almost 10 000 southern stars, later published as Coelum Australe Stelliferum.[1][2] The Royal Observatory was established at the Cape of Good Hope in 1820 and opened in 1829.[3] Today, with the main observing site having moved from the Cape of Good Hope to a higher site near Sutherland, it is host to the Southern African Large Telescope as well as numerous other South African and international telescopes. Notable astronomers who have worked in the country include John Herschel who published Results of astronomical observations made during the years 1834, 5, 6, 7, 8, at the Cape of Good Hope in 1847[4] and David Gill whose work include the Cape Photographic Durchmusterung. The Karoo Array Telescope (or MeerKAT) is under construction as a pathfinder for the $2 billion Square Kilometer Array (SKA) project, which will be split between sites in South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Energy{{main|Energy in South Africa}}Being rich in coal, South Africa has some of the largest coal-fired power stations in the world. In 1955 Sasol opened the first commercial Coal liquefaction plant.[5][6][7] Commercialization of copper indium gallium sulphur selenide (CIGSSE) thin film solar cell technology was pioneered by Professor Vivian Alberts at the University of Johannesburg.[8] The South African Solar Challenge is held bi-annually over a distance of {{convert|2500|mi}}. {{as of|2011}} the Koeberg Nuclear Power Station is the only commercial nuclear energy station on the African continent.Kimberley, was the first city in the Southern Hemisphere and in Africa to have electric street lights - first lit on 1 September 1882 .[9]{{further|List of power stations in South Africa|Coal in South Africa|Eskom}}Mining{{main|Mining industry of South Africa}}South African companies hold a considerable number of high value patents related to mining.[10] 10% of the gross domestic product (GDP) of South Africa is generated by mining companies such as De Beers Consolidated Mines , the Anglo American Group and others. They also produce over 50,000 jobs nationally. Mafube Coal Mine near middleburg, Mpumalanga is one of the largest and is operated by Anglo Coal, a division of the Anglo American Group. Since grassroots stages in September 2004, this project's estimated net worth is at ZAR$16 Billion Africa Mining IQ lists along with project history. BHP Billiton, one of the foremost mining companies in South Africa as well as Sasol Mining, Xstrata and PetroSA are also in large-scale operations. {{Expand section|date=June 2011}}Nuclear weapons programme{{Main|South Africa and weapons of mass destruction}}During the 1960s and 1980s South Africa had been pursuing research into the development of nuclear weapons as well as biological and chemical weapons. South Africa was able to acquire Uranium from native ore deposits, and used aerodynamic nozzle enrichment techniques to produce weapons-grade Uranium. Six bombs were constructed, with one still under construction before the termination of its nuclear weapons programme. It is alleged that South Africa had been collaborating with Israel to develop nuclear weapons and that it possibly detonated one of its weapons over the Indian Ocean in a nuclear weapons test. South Africa dismantled its nuclear weapons programme in 1989, the first nation in the world to do so, and became a signatory of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1991.[11] South Africa continues to use its surplus of Uranium as part of its nuclear energy programme, supplying the Koeberg Nuclear Power Station and SAFARI-1 research reactors. Government policyDespite government efforts to encourage entrepreneurship in biotechnology, information technology and other high technology fields, not many notable groundbreaking companies have been founded in South Africa.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} It is the expressed objective of the government to transition the economy to be more reliant on high technology, based on the realisation that South Africa cannot compete with Far Eastern economies in manufacturing, nor can the republic rely on its mineral wealth in perpetuity.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} Important advances made in South Africa{{Main|List of South African inventions and discoveries}}{{Expand section|date=June 2011}}
Nobel Laureates
Objects named after South Africans
Research institutes and societies{{Div col}}
See also
References1. ^{{cite book|last=Theal|first=George M'Call|title=History of South Africa under the administration of the Dutch East India Company, 1652 to 1795|year=1897|publisher=S. Sonnenschein & Co., Ltd.|location=London|pages=74–75|url=https://archive.org/stream/historysouthafr08theagoog#page/n92/mode/2up}} 2. ^{{cite book|title=A catalogue of 9766 stars in the southern hemisphere, for the beginning of the year 1750, from the observations of the Abbe de Lacaille made at the Cape of Good Hope in the years 1751 and 1752|year=1847|publisher=R. and J.E. Taylor|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/catalogueof9766s00lacarich|author=Nicolas Louis de La Caille, Thomas Henderson, Francis Baily, John Frederick William Herschel|accessdate=12 June 2011}} 3. ^{{cite book|last=Clerke|first=Agnes M.|title=A popular history of astronomy during the nineteenth century|year=1893|pages=8|url=https://archive.org/stream/popularhistoryof00clerrich#page/8/mode/2up}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=Results of astronomical observations made during the years 1834, 5, 6, 7, 8, at the Cape of Good Hope|bibcode=1847raom.book.....H|publisher=The Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System|accessdate=12 June 2011}} 5. ^1 {{cite web|title=Sasol produces 1,5 billion barrels of synthetic fuel from coal in fifty years|url=http://www.sasol.com/sasol_internet/frontend/navigation.jsp?articleTypeID=2&articleId=12300007&navid=1&rootid=1|publisher=SASOL|accessdate=14 June 2011}} 6. ^1 {{cite journal|title=Historical Overview of the South African Chemical Industry: 1896 - 1998|journal=Chemistry International| date=May 1999 |volume=21|series=3|url=http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/1999/may/other3.html|accessdate=14 June 2011}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=SASOL: COMMITTED TO GTL SINCE 1947|url=http://www.icis.com/Articles/2006/04/28/2013746/sasol-takes-the-technological-lead.html|work=Sasol takes the technological lead|publisher=Reed Business Information Limited|accessdate=26 June 2011|date=1 May 2006}} 8. ^{{cite book|last=Jäger-Waldau|first=Arnulf|title=Joint Research Centre - Renewable Energy Unit - PV Status Report 2008|year=2008|publisher=Office for Official Publications of the European Communities|location=Luxembourg|isbn=978-92-79-10122-9|url=http://solar.gwu.edu/index_files/Resources_files/EU_PV_Status_Report.pdf|accessdate=26 June 2011}} 9. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.solplaatje.org.za/explore_history.php |title=Timeline of Firsts |accessdate=2010-01-11 }} 10. ^{{cite book|last=Kaplan|first=David|title=South African mining equipment and related services: Growth, constraints and policy|publisher=University of Cape Town|isbn=978-1-77011-236-0|pages=8–9|url=http://www.cssr.uct.ac.za/sites/cssr.uct.ac.za/files/pubs/MMCP%20Paper%205_0.pdf|accessdate=27 June 2011|chapter=2. The Evidence for and the measurement of South Africa’s advanced technological competencies| date=March 2011 }} 11. ^Von Wielligh, N. & von Wielligh-Steyn, L. (2015). The Bomb – South Africa’s Nuclear Weapons Programme. Pretoria: Litera. 12. ^{{cite journal|author1=C. K. Brain |author2=A. Sillent |title=Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the earliest use of fire|journal=Nature|date=1988-12-01|volume=336|pages=464–466|doi=10.1038/336464a0|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html|accessdate=14 June 2011|issue=6198|bibcode=1988Natur.336..464B}} 13. ^{{cite news|last=Rincon|first=Paul|title=Bones hint at first use of fire|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3557077.stm|accessdate=14 June 2011|newspaper=BBC|date=22 March 2004}} 14. ^{{Internet Archive|id=thermionicvacuum00vandrich|name=The thermionic vacuum tube and its applications}} 15. ^{{cite web|title=Dr H J van der Bijl|url=http://www.saiee.org.za/content.php?pageID=264#|publisher=South African Institute of Electrical Engineers|accessdate=14 June 2011}} 16. ^{{cite web|title=Sanae - History|url=http://www.sanap.org.za/sanap_sanae/sanae_history.html|publisher=South African National Antarctic Programme|accessdate=15 June 2011}} 17. ^{{cite web|title=SANAE|url=http://www.polarconservation.org/education/antarctic-bases/south-africa-and-antarctica/stations-bases-camps-and-refuges/sanae|publisher=Polarconservation|accessdate=15 June 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120907163121/http://www.polarconservation.org/education/antarctic-bases/south-africa-and-antarctica/stations-bases-camps-and-refuges/sanae|archivedate=7 September 2012|df=dmy-all}} 18. ^{{cite book|title=Vlamgat: The Story of the Mirage F1 in the South African Air Force|year=2000|publisher=30 Degrees South Publishers|pages=74|author1=Dick Lord |author2=Willem Hechter |accessdate=}} 19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.speedrecordclub.com/outrail.php |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-02-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211074300/http://www.speedrecordclub.com/outrail.php |archivedate=11 February 2012 |df=dmy-all }} 20. ^{{cite web |url=http://home.intekom.com/bluegrass/sites/steamsa/historical11.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-08-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615020009/http://home.intekom.com/bluegrass/sites/steamsa/historical11.html |archivedate=15 June 2008 |df=dmy-all }} 21. ^http://www.traintesting.com/SAR.htm 22. ^{{cite web|title=SharkShield Testing|url=http://www.marinedirect.com.au/catalogue/c2432/p152845|publisher=Australia's Marine Direct|accessdate=27 June 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311124509/http://www.marinedirect.com.au/catalogue/c2432/p152845|archivedate=11 March 2011|df=dmy-all}} 23. ^{{cite web|title=Electrical Shark Repellent|url=http://www.shark.co.za/repel.htm|publisher=KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board|accessdate=27 June 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528150209/http://www.shark.co.za/repel.htm|archivedate=28 May 2010|df=dmy-all}} 24. ^{{cite web|title=Background on the SUNSAT Experiment|url=http://genesis.jpl.nasa.gov/zope/GENESIS/Missions/SUNSAT|publisher=NASA|accessdate=13 June 2011}} 25. ^{{cite journal|author1=Brian Fraser |author2=Brian Marsden |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Minor Planet (5038) "Overbeek"|journal=Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of South Africa| date=December 2000 |volume=59|issue=11&12|pages=101|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?2000MNSSA..59..101.&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf|accessdate=13 April 2013|bibcode=2000MNSSA..59..101.}} 26. ^{{cite journal|author1=Farah Abdurahnam |author2=Steve Rosenburg |lastauthoramp=yes |title=South Africa's Unsung Rocket Scientist Superhero. Siyabulela Xuza|journal=Beyond Sustainable Quarterly| date=June 2011 |issue=11|pages=48–49|url=http://issuu.com/beyondpublishing/docs/issue11|accessdate=12 April 2013}} External links{{commons category}}{{Africa topic|Science and technology in}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2011}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Science And Technology In South Africa}} 1 : Science and technology in South Africa |
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