| 词条 | Science outreach |
| 释义 |
}}Science outreach, also called Education and Public Outreach (EPO or E/PO) or simply public outreach,{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} is an umbrella term for a variety of activities by research institutes, universities, and institutions such as science museums, aimed at promoting public awareness (and understanding) of science and making informal contributions to science education.[1] Scope and historyWhile there have always been individual scientists interested in educating the public, science outreach has recently become more organized. For example, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) now requires all of its projects to organize suitable outreach activities.{{Citation needed|date=April 2007}} Also working to inform the public are organizations such as Communicating Astronomy to the Public[2] and the Washington Declaration on Communicating Astronomy to the Public[3] that organize conferences for the public on science issues and make efforts to put outreach on a more general institutional footing. Recently, an increasing number of projects have hired designated outreach scientists (part-time or full-time) that handle public relations for their project. There are also specialized outreach providers such as the Education branch of the Space Science Institute[4] in Boulder, Colorado and the Education and Public Outreach Group at Sonoma State University which offer to organize a project's outreach activities on a contractual basis. In addition to outreach by research institutions, an important part of informal science education are outreach programs such as science museums and science festivals. Examples of science outreach activitiesScience outreach can take on a variety of forms. Public talks/lectures/discussionsLectures are probably the oldest form of science outreach, dating back to the 1820s when Michael Faraday organized the first of the Royal Institution's Christmas Lectures.[6] Public talks can be part of a lecture series, given at a science festival or in cooperation with a special interest group such as a local astronomy club. Public presentations can have a variety of formats, including straightforward lecture formats with or without experimental demonstrations, guided live interviews, and discussions with several participants and a moderator. There are also less formal initiatives such as Café Scientifique, in which a café or bar is the venue for regular meetings involving guest scientists that come to talk about their work or take part in discussions with members of the public. Visiting primary and secondary schoolsSchool students and teachers are an important target group for science outreach. Outreach activities can include scientists visiting schools, giving talks at assemblies, discussions with students, or participation in events such as career fairs and science and technology camps. One organization that focuses on this kind of science outreach is Robogals. Many universities also have science outreach programs that are dedicated to building relationships between high school students, university scientists, and K-12 teachers. A few of the most prominent university science outreach programs include Carolina Science Outreach,[7] the Vanderbilt Student Volunteers for Science,[8] the Rockefeller University Science Outreach Program,[9] the Present Your Ph.D. Thesis to a 12-Year Old Outreach Project at University of Texas in Austin,[10] and the Stanford University Office of Science Outreach.[11] Using Canada as an example, it has been estimated that with sufficient organization, every classroom from kindergarten through graduation could in practice receive a visit from one or more scientists annually with participation from only 10-15% of the scientific enterprise.[12] Some examples of science outreach programs in Canada include: Let's Talk Science, Actua, The Chemical Institute of Canada, and Science Rendezvous. Workshops/schools for teachers and/or studentsInviting groups of school students to a research institution for a workshop is another popular form of outreach. Formats range from a one-day visit to more involved week-long events such as Perimeter Institute's International Summer School for Young Physicists, a two-week-long programs for a total of a hundred Canadian and international students from grade 11.[14] Another method of science outreach invites school teachers to participate in workshops where they are able to learn effective strategies to engage students in science. This approach was especially embraced by the Canadian Space Agency which held an annual "Space Educators" conference up until 2012 to provides teachers with access to resources to educate their students in space-related science.[15] Supporting science fairs and similar eventsBesides organizing independent events, many outreach organizations sponsor existing events that promote sciences awareness. A notable examples are science fairs, public science events in which working scientists can participate both as judges and as sponsors of student projects. Online aggregation of science activities, resources, and programsThe internet is a rich source of science activities, resources, and programs. For example, research laboratories often maintain educational outreach projects aimed at translating their science into something meaningful for the general public, often K-12 students, as an effort to increase research broader impacts required by funding agencies such as the NSF.[16] These may include activities using fast-growing plants that exhibit distinctive mutants with unique phenotypes useful to teach K-12 students about both Mendelian and molecular genetics.[17] Some institutions and organizations maintain large[18] or small[19] aggregations of their activity resources,[20] outreach programs,[21] upcoming events calendars,[22] and partnering programs.[23] AwardsA number of awards honor commitment to science outreach. Examples include:
See also
References1. ^{{cite journal|author=Varner, Johanna|title=Scientific outreach: toward effective public engagement with biological science|journal=BioScience|volume=64|issue=4|year=2014|pages=333–340|doi=10.1093/biosci/biu021}} 2. ^Communicating Astronomy to the Public 3. ^Washington Declaration on Communicating Astronomy to the Public 4. ^Education branch of the Space Science Institute 5. ^{{cite news|title=New Book Showcases ESO Images|url=http://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann12091/|accessdate=3 December 2012|newspaper=ESO Announcements}} 6. ^{{cite web | title=The RI Christmas Lectures (Royal Institution Website)| url=http://www.rigb.org/rimain/events/christmaslectures.jsp}} 7. ^{{cite web | title=Carolina Science Outreach | url=http://www.csousc.org}} 8. ^{{cite web | title=Vanderbilt Student Volunteers for Science | url=http://studentorgs.vanderbilt.edu/vsvs/}} 9. ^{{cite web | title=Rockefeller University Science Outreach Program | url=http://www.rockefeller.edu/outreach/}} 10. ^{{cite web | title=Science Educational Outreach Programs That Benefit Students and Scientists | url=http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002368}} 11. ^{{cite web | title=Stanford University Office of Science Outreach| url=http://oso.stanford.edu/}} 12. ^Bechara J. Saab, "Engaging the Clutch of the Science Communication Continuum – Shifting Science Outreach into High Gear", Hypothesis Volume 8 Issue 1 (September 2010). 13. ^{{cite web|title=ALMA Material for Teachers|url=http://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann15052/|accessdate=7 July 2015}} 14. ^International Summer School for Young Physicists 15. ^{{cite web | title=Canadian Space Agency Educators Resources | url=http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/educators/default.asp}} 16. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/oia/special/broaderimpacts/|title=Broader Impacts - National Science Foundation|website=www.nsf.gov|access-date=2016-07-11}} 17. ^{{Cite web|url=http://fpsc.wisc.edu/program/index.shtm|title=FPsc: genetics, evolution, modern genetic sciences|website=fpsc.wisc.edu|access-date=2016-07-11}} 18. ^{{Cite web|url=http://science.wisc.edu/|title=Home {{!}} science.wisc.edu {{!}} University of Wisconsin–Madison|website=science.wisc.edu|access-date=2016-07-11}} 19. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.sanfordlab.org/education/updates|title=Education and Outreach {{!}} Sanford Underground Research Facility|website=www.sanfordlab.org|access-date=2016-07-11}} 20. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.sanfordlab.org/education/curriculum-modules|title=Curriculum Modules {{!}} Sanford Underground Research Facility|website=www.sanfordlab.org|access-date=2016-07-11}} 21. ^{{Cite web|url=http://science.wisc.edu/outreachprograms.htm|title=Outreach Programs {{!}} science.wisc.edu {{!}} University of Wisconsin–Madison|website=science.wisc.edu|access-date=2016-07-11}} 22. ^{{Cite web|url=http://today.wisc.edu/events/feed/2/|title=Science / UW-Madison Events Calendar|website=today.wisc.edu|access-date=2016-07-11}} 23. ^{{Cite web|url=http://science.wisc.edu/sciencealliance.htm|title=Science Alliance {{!}} science.wisc.edu {{!}} University of Wisconsin–Madison|website=science.wisc.edu|access-date=2016-07-11}} 24. ^Award for Public Understanding of Science and Technology, American Association for the Advancement of Science 25. ^Descartes Prize for Excellence in Science Communication 26. ^Communicator award, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 27. ^Synapse Mentorship Awards 28. ^Nicholson Medal for Human Outreach External links
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