“Scolopendra”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Scolopendra (through Latin from Greek {{lang|grc|σκολόπενδρα}}, skolopendra) is a species-rich genus of often very large centipedes of the family Scolopendridae.

Description

The genus Scolopendra is represented by many species across the world's tropics and warmer temperate areas, varying considerably in coloration and size. In general, Scolopendra are very large centipedes, with even the smallest specimen are capable of reaching at least {{convert|10|cm|abbr=on}} at maturity. The largest species found in tropical climates can exceed {{convert|30|cm|abbr=on}} and are the largest living centipedes in the world.^[1]

Scolopendra can deliver a painful bite, injecting venom through their forcipules, which are actually modified legs on the first segment.

Ecology

Venom

The venom is not medically significant for most species, however bites from the species Scolopendra subspinipes are reported to cause extreme pain and swelling, and have caused one reported fatality.^[5] In 2014, a fatality was reported for a bite from a Scolopendra gigantea.^[6] The venom of certain Scolopendra species were found to contain compounds such as serotonin, haemolytic phospholipase, a cardiotoxic protein, and a cytolysin.^[7]

Youtube personality and amateur naturalist Coyote Peterson has been bitten by Scolopendra heros, commonly known as the giant desert centipede, and declared the envenomation by it to be more painful and dangerous than any sting he has ever received from an animal including the tarantula hawk, bullet ant, and even the executioner wasp. However, the Gila monster bite was more painful.

Taxonomic history

Species

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite journal |author1=R. M. Shelley |author2=S. B. Kiser |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Neotype designation and a diagnostic account for the centipede, Scolopendra gigantea L. 1758, with an account of S. galapagoensis Bollman 1889 (Chilopoda Scolopendromorpha Scolopendridae) |journal=Tropical Zoology |year=2000 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=159–170 |url=http://www.fupress.net/index.php/tropicalzoology/article/viewFile/43/42 |format=PDF}}
2. ^{{cite journal |author=J. Molinari, E. E. Gutiérrez, A. A. de Ascenção, J. M. Nassar, A. Arends & R. J. Márquez |title=Predation by giant centipedes, Scolopendra gigantea, on three species of bats in a Venezuelan cave |journal=Caribbean Journal of Science |volume=41 |issue=2 |year=2005 |pages=340–346 |url=http://caribjsci.org/aug05/41_340-346.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009003226/http://caribjsci.org/aug05/41_340-346.pdf |archivedate=2010-10-09 |df= }}
3. ^{{cite news|title = Giant swimming, venomous centipede discovered by accident in world-first|last = Holmes|first = O.|url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jul/01/giant-swimming-venomous-centipede-found-south-east-asia|date = 1 July 2016|accessdate = 1 July 2016|newspaper = The Guardian}}
4. ^{{cite web|title = 'Horrific' First Amphibious Centipede Discovered|last = Bates|first = M.|date = 26 June 2016|accessdate = 1 July 2016|url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/06/amphibious-centipede-discovered-laos-scolopendra-cataracta-new-species/|publisher = National Geographic}}
5. ^{{cite journal |author=S. P. Bush, B. O. King, R. L. Norris & S. A. Stockwell |title=Centipede envenomation |journal=Wilderness & Environmental Medicine |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=93–99 |year=2001 |pmid=11434497 |doi=10.1580/1080-6032(2001)012[0093:CE]2.0.CO;2}}
6. ^{{cite web|last1=Aguilera|first1=María|last2=Díaz|first2=Gienah|title=Niño de 4 años murió tras ser picado por ciempiés gigante|url=http://eltiempo.com.ve/sucesos/accidente/nino-de-4-anos-murio-tras-ser-picado-por-ciempies-gigante/161872|website=El Tiempo|accessdate=4 February 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327095246/http://eltiempo.com.ve/sucesos/accidente/nino-de-4-anos-murio-tras-ser-picado-por-ciempies-gigante/161872|archivedate=27 March 2016|language=es|date=13 November 2014}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/769448-overview |title=Centipede Envenomation |author=Robert L. Norris |work=eMedicine |date=November 19, 2008 |accessdate=October 29, 2010}}
8. ^{{cite journal |author=Ralph E. Crabill Jr. |year=1955 |title=Proposed use of the plenary powers to designate for the genus "Scolopendra" Linnaeus (Class Myriapoda) a type species in harmony with the accustomed usage |journal=Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=134–136 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44292#page/200/mode/1up}}
9. ^¹{{cite web | url=http://chilobase.bio.unipd.it/search/result_genus.php?117 | title=Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 | work=ChiloBase | publisher=Università di Padova | accessdate=October 29, 2010 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722063624/http://chilobase.bio.unipd.it/search/result_genus.php?117 | archivedate=July 22, 2011 | df= }}
10. ^¹{{cite journal | title=A taxonomic review of the centipede genus Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 (Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae) in mainland Southeast Asia, with description of a new species from Laos | first1=Warut | last1=Siriwut | first2=Gregory D. | last2=Edgecombe | first3=Chirasak | last3=Sutcharit | first4=Piyoros | last4=Tongkerd | first5=Somsak | last5=Panha | journal=ZooKeys | volume=590 | pages=1–124 | date=May 17, 2016 | doi=10.3897/zookeys.590.7950}}