| 词条 | English billiards |
| 释义 |
English billiards,[1] called simply billiards[2] in the United Kingdom, where it originated, and in many former British colonies such as Australia, is a cue sport that combines the aspects of carom billiards and pocket billiards. Two {{Cuegloss|Cue ball|cue balls}} (originally both white, with one marked e.g. with a black dot, but more recently one white, one yellow) and a red {{Cuegloss|Object ball|object ball}} are used. Each player or team uses a different cue ball. It is played on a billiards table with the same dimensions as a snooker table and points are scored for {{Cuegloss|Cannon|cannons}} and pocketing the balls. English billiards has also, but less frequently, been referred to as "the English game", "the all-in game" and (formerly) "the common game".{{sfn|Shamos|1999|p=89}} HistoryEnglish billiards was originally called the winning and losing carambole game, folding in the names of three predecessor games, the winning game, the losing game and the carambole game (an early form of straight rail), that combined to form it.{{sfn|Shamos|1999|p=89}} OriginsThe winning game was played with two white balls, and was a 12-{{Cuegloss|Point|point}} contest. To start, the player who could strike a ball at one end of the table and get the ball to come to rest nearest the opposite cushion without lying against it earned the right to shoot for points first. This is the origin of the modern custom of "{{Cuegloss|String-off|stringing}}" (or "{{Cuegloss|lag|lagging}}"). A player who pocketed the opponent's ball scored two points,{{sfn|Shamos|1999|p=89}} as is still the case in modern billiards. {{Cuegloss|Foul|Fouls}} (or {{cuegloss|fault|faults}}): A player missing the opponent's ball added one point to his opponent's total; the shooter conceded two points if that player's own ball (then acting as the {{Cuegloss|Cue ball|cue ball}}) went into a pocket after striking the opponent's ball; and the player conceded three points if the cue ball was pocketed without even hitting the opponent's ball. These rules continued to exist in English billiards until 1983, when a standard two points for all fouls was introduced.By contrast, in the losing game a player could only score (2 points) by pocketing the cue ball through a {{Cuegloss|carom}} off the opponent's ball.{{sfn|Shamos|1999|p=89}} "{{Cuegloss|Winning hazard|Winning hazard}}" and "{{Cuegloss|Losing hazard|losing hazard}}" are terms still mentioned in the official rules for these two fundamental shot types, although "{{Cuegloss|pot}}" and "{{Cuegloss|in-off}}" have become the usual terms for them in British English. The final element was the {{Cuegloss|Cannon|cannon}} (or {{cuegloss|Carom|carom}}) shot, which came from carom or carambole billiards, a three-ball game popular in various countries of western Continental Europe, especially popularized by France{{sfn|Shamos|1999|p=243}} (and today also popular in many parts of Asia and South America). In the 1700s, the carambole game added a red {{Cuegloss|Object ball|object ball}} to the two white cue balls, and dispensed with the pockets.[3] This ball was adopted into the English game, which retained the pockets,[3] and the goal was to cannon off both the red and the opponent's ball on a single shot, earning 2 points. This influence on the English game appears to have come about through the popularity of French tables in English coffee houses; London alone had over two thousand such establishments in the early 18th century.[4] One period advertisement read: "A very good French Billiard Table, little the worse for wearing, full size, with all the materials fit for French or English play".[4] The three ancestral games had their British heyday in the 1770s, but had combined into English billiards, with a 16-point score total, by approximately 1800.{{sfn|Shamos|1999|p=89}} The skill required in playing these games helped retire the {{cuegloss|Mace|billiard mace}} in favour of the cue. There are a number of pocket billiard games directly descended from English billiards, including bull dog, scratch pool, thirty-one pool and thirty-eight. The last of these gave rise to the more well-known game cowboy pool.{{sfn|Shamos|1999|pp=61–62}}[5] English Billiards was virtually unknown in the United States until 1913, when Melbourn Inman visited the US and played the game against Willie Hoppe. By 1915 the game had become rather popular, prompting American billiard hall proprietors of the period to increase the number of English-style tables in their establishments.[6] It also became favored in British colonies; the game's longest-running champion was an Australian, Walter Lindrum, who held the World Professional Billiards Championship from 1933 until his retirement in 1950. The game remains popular in the UK, although it has been eclipsed by snooker. As a sportThe first governing body of the game, the English Billiards Association, was formed in the UK in 1885, a period that saw a number of sporting bodies founded across the British sporting world.[7] By the mid-20th century, the principal sanctioning body was the Billiards Association and Control Council (later the Billiards and Snooker Control Council). In the 19th century and up through the mid-1950s, a common way for championship titles to change hands was by a challenge match. A challenge was issued to a championship title holder accompanied by {{Cuegloss|Stake|stake}} money ("acclamation") held by a third party.{{sfn|Shamos|1999|p=46}} Up until the first organised professional tournament in 1870, all English billiards champions were decided by challenge. The first champion was Jonathan Kentfield, who held the title from 1820–1849, losing it to John Roberts, Sr. after Kentfield refused his challenge. Roberts's 21-year reign lasted until he lost to William Cook in 1870. That year was also the first in which an English billiards challenge match was held in the United States.{{sfn|Shamos|1999|p=89}} From 1870 to 1983 the champions were: John Roberts, Jr., (1870, 1871, 1875–77, 1885); Joseph Bennett, (1870, 1880–81); Charles Dawson, (1899–1900, 1901, 1903); H.W. Stevenson, (1901, 1909–11); Melbourne Inman, (1908–09, 1912–19); Willie Smith, (1920, 1923); Tom Newman, (1921–22, 1924–27); Joe Davis, (1928–32); Walter Lindrum, (1933–50); Clark McConachy, (1951-68); Rex Williams, (1968–76, 1982–83); and Fred Davis, (1980).{{sfn|Shamos|1999|p=89}} A "Women's Billiard Association" was formed in Britain in 1931. One of the founders was Teresa Billington-Greig who had been a leading suffragette and was then married to a billiard ball manufacturer.[8] Over the course of the 20th century, English billiards has been increasingly superseded as the favoured competitive spectator cue sport in the United Kingdom by the game of snooker played on the same table. However, because of the "in-off" scoring option, ball control (including for snooker) can be enhanced after much solo practice. A common exercise is to hit the object ball from the "D", go in-off into the centre pocket while the object ball hits the top cushion and returns to the same position halfway down the table. A highly skilled player can repeat the shot over and over, except in competition where the sequence run is limited, because it constitutes a {{Cuegloss|Nurse|nurse shot}}. RulesBalls and tableThere are three balls. They are the same size as snooker balls (52.5 mm or {{Frac|2|1|16}} in with a tolerance of 0.05 mm) and they must weigh the same to a tolerance of 0.5 g within a set.[9] The balls are designated as:
The billiard table used has the same dimensions as a snooker table,[9] (and in many venues, both games are played on the same equipment). The playing area of a standard tournament table measures 11 feet 8 inches by 5 ft 10 in (3.569 m by 1.778 m) with a tolerance of {{Frac|1|2}} inch (1.26 cm) in both directions, though smaller ones, down to half size, are often found in snooker halls, pubs and home billiard rooms. Beginning the gameTo see who will be the starting player, both players simultaneously hit a cue ball up the table, bouncing it off the top cushion so that it returns to {{cuegloss|baulk}} (the first quarter-length of the table). The player who gets his ball closer to the baulk cushion can now choose which cue ball he wants to use during the game and to break or let the opponent break. The red ball is placed on the {{cuegloss|spot}} at the {{cuegloss|top}} of the table (same as the {{cuegloss|black spot}} in snooker) and the first player begins by playing in-hand from {{cuegloss|the "D"}} behind the baulk line. The other cue ball remains off the table until the opponent's first turn, when he plays in hand from the "D". The idea is to leave the balls {{cuegloss|safe}} by creating either a double baulk (both object balls in baulk), or the red in baulk with the cue-ball {{cuegloss|tight}} ({{cuegloss|frozen}}) to the top-side cushion. ScoringPoints are awarded as follows:
Combinations of the above may all be scored on the same shot. The most that can be scored in a single shot is therefore 10 – the red and the other cue ball are both potted via a cannon (the red must be struck first), and the cue ball is also potted, making a losing hazard off the red. Winning is achieved by a player reaching a fixed number of points, determined at the start of the game, e.g. first to 300 points or by a timed game. Other rulesIf the red is potted it is {{cuegloss|respot|respotted}} on the spot at the top of the table (the black spot). After the red has been potted twice off the spot in a row (i.e. without a cannon or losing hazard), it is respotted on the {{cuegloss|middle spot}}. If the middle spot is occupied, it goes on the {{cuegloss|pyramid spot}} (the pink spot in snooker). If both the middle and pyramid spots are occupied, it goes back on the spot. When potted from the middle or pyramid spot, it returns to the spot at the top of the table. After a losing hazard, play continues in-hand from the "D". When playing from in-hand, a striker must touch a ball or cushion out of baulk before striking a ball in baulk. If playing in-hand and all balls on the table are in baulk, and contact is not made with any ball, this is a miss; 2 points are awarded to the opponent, who must play from where the balls have come to rest. If an opponent's cue ball is potted, it remains off the table until it is that opponent's turn to play, when it is returned to that player, who may play it in-hand from the "D". There is one exception to this rule: only 15 hazards in a row may be played, after which a cannon is needed to continue the break. If only the red ball is on the table at the start of the break (meaning a cannon cannot be made), then after 15 hazards the opponent's ball must be placed on the "brown spot". It becomes a "line ball" and may not be played directly from baulk. If the cue ball is touching an object ball, then the balls must be respotted: red on its spot and opponent's ball in the centre spot, with the striker to play from in-hand. Matches held under professional regulations include a rule forcing the player to execute a shot in a way to have his cue ball cross the baulk line, heading towards the baulk cushion, once between 80 and 99 points in every 100 in a running break. FoulsIf a foul occurs, two points are awarded to the opposing player who has the choice of playing from where the balls lie or they can be respotted. There are a few different ways a foul can occur by:
See also
Notes{{refimprove|date=May 2010}}1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.englishbilliards.org |title=Welcome to englishBilliards.org! |accessdate=2 February 2017}} 2. ^{{harvnb|Everton|1986}} Serves as a good example; the book refers to English billiards simply as "billiards", from cover to cover. 3. ^1 {{harvnb|Stein|Rubino|2008|p=81}} 4. ^1 {{harvnb|Stein|Rubino|2008|p=80}} 5. ^{{harvnb|NYT staff|1885}} 6. ^{{harvnb|NYT staff|1915}} 7. ^{{harvnb|Midwinter|2007|p=59}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.wcml.org.uk/our-collections/activists/teresa-billingtongreig/|title=Teresa Billington-Greig|website=WCML|language=en|access-date=2018-10-16}} 9. ^1 {{harvnb|Kumar|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Xw-Pi6jTATkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA101#v=onepage&q&f=false 101]}} References
|title=The History of Snooker and Billiards |year=1986 |location=Haywards Heath, UK |publisher=Partridge Pr |isbn=1-85225-013-5 |edition=rev. ver. of The Story of Billiards and Snooker, 1979}}
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External links{{Commons category}}
3 : English billiards|Cue sports|Sports originating in England |
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