“Second pledge at al-Aqabah”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The second pledge at al-Aqabah was an important event that preceded the Migration to Medina.

Event

Converts to Islam came from nearly all Arab tribes present in Madinah, such that by June of the subsequent year there were seventy-five Muslims coming to Makkah for pilgrimage and to meet Muhammad. Meeting him secretly by night, the group made what was known as the "Second Pledge of al-`Aqaba", or "The Second Pledge of Mount Aqabah" where the pledge was made. The guarantee of protection led Orientalists and Muslim scholars to describe it as "Pledge of War".^[1]^[2] Conditions of the pledge, many of which similar to the first, included obedience to Muhammad, "enjoining good and forbidding evil" as well as responding to the call to arms when required.^[3]

List

Arranging the meeting

The following year on the {{AHM|12}} of 1 BH (June 622 CE), during the season of the pilgrimage ({{lang-ar |Hajj|script=Latn}}),^[7] 73 new Muslims converts from Medina ^[8] were among that year's polytheist pilgrims to Mecca. The oft-repeated question amongst them was "Isn’t it high time we protect Muhammad instead of leaving him forsaken, deserted and stumbling in the hillocks of Makkah?"^[7]

Shortly after arriving to Mecca, they secretly contacted Muhammad and decided to have a meeting at night in mid Tashreeq Days{{Efn | the 11th, 12th and 13th days of Dhu al-Hijjah.}} on last year’s meeting place.^[7]

Pledge

That very night we slept with our people in our camps. After a third of the night had elapsed, we began to leave stealthily and met in a hillock nearby. We were seventy three men and two women Nusaibah bint Ka‘b from the Najjars and Asma’ bint ‘Amr from Bani Salamah. We waited for the Messenger of Allâh Muhammad until he came in the company of his uncle Al-‘Abbas RaziAllahu Anhu bin ‘Abdul Muttalib Alaihis Salaam who (though himself not a Muslim yet) adjured us not to draw his nephew away from the protection of his own kindred unless we were fully prepared to defend him even at the risk of our lives. He was the first to speak:

"O you people of the Khazraj — the Arabs used to call the Ansâr (Helpers) Khazraj, whether from Khazraj or Aws — you all know the position that Muhammad holds among us. We have protected him from our people as much as we could. He is honoured and respected among his people. He refuses to join any party except you. So if you think you can carry out what you promise while inviting him to your town, and if you can defend him against the enemies, then assume the burden that you have taken. But if you are going to surrender him and betray him after having taken him away with you, you had better leave him now because he is respected and well defended in his own place."

Ka‘b replied: "We have heard your words, and now O Messenger of Allâh, it is for you to speak and take from us any pledge that you want regarding your Lord and yourself." ^[7]}}

Then ‘Abul Haitham At-Taihan interrupted and said: "O Prophet of Allâh! Between us and the Jews, there are agreements which we would then sever. If Allâh grants you power and victory, should we expect that you would not leave us, and join the ranks of your people (meaning Quraish)?" The Prophet smiled and replied:

"Nay, it would never be; your blood will be my blood. In life and death I will be with you and you with me. I will fight whom you fight and I will make peace with those with whom you make peace."

After the negotiations concerning the conditions of allegiance had ended, and all of the audience were unanimously agreed to ratify it, two men of the early generation of converts who had embraced Islam in the eleventh and twelfth years rose to their feet to apprise the others of the serious step they were about to take so that they could give their pledge fully aware of the whole affair and consequently be ready for the sacrifice they were expected to make. Al ‘Abbas bin Ubada bin Nadlah, in this context, remarked: "O you people of Khazraj! Do you know the significance of the pact that you are entering into with this man? You are in fact avowing that you will fight against all and sundry. If you fear that your property will be at stake or the lives of your nobles will be endangered, then leave him now, because if you do this after the pledge, it will be degrading for you both in this world and the world to come. But if you think that you can carry out what you are called upon to do in spite of the loss of precious lives and property, then undertake this heavy responsibility, and I swear by Allâh, that herein lies the good of this world and that of the next."

They replied, "We have already considered the loss of property and the murder of our notables, yet we pay him allegiance. But what is our reward if we observe all the items of this pact?" The Prophet replied: "Paradise is in store for you." Then they asked him to stretch out his hand, and they all stretched out their hands and took the pledge. Only at that time did As‘ad bin Zurarah come to realize the people’s readiness for sacrifice in the cause of Allâh.^[7]}}

Muhammad took the pledge of the two women – Nusaybah bint Ka'ab and Umm Munee Asma bint Amr bin 'Ad – orally, rather than clasping hands with them, considering that they were not Mahram with him.^[7]

Deputies

Muhammad asked those involved to appoint twelve deputies to preach Islam in Medina and taking responsibility in matters relating to the propagation of Islam regarding the people of their own tribe. Those elected were:

Once again, those twelve men were sworn to act as surety over the affairs of their people, and Muhammad would act as surety over his people, meaning all the Muslims.^[7]

At this point, the secret meeting was discovered by an inhabitant in Al-‘Aqabah. Al-‘Abbas bin Nadlah said "By Allâh, Who has sent you in Truth, we are powerful enough to put the people of Mina (the Quraishites) to our swords tomorrow, if you desire." Muhammad said "We have not been commanded to follow that course. Now, back to your camps." They went back to sleep until morning.^[7]

Meccan protests

The following day, a large delegation that included the Meccan leaders set out for the camp of the Medinan to protest severely against the treaty: "O people of Khazraj, it transpired to us that you have come here to conclude a treaty with this man and evacuate him out of Makkah. By Allâh, we do really hold in abhorrence any sort of fight between you and us."^[7]

The Medinan polytheists were not aware of the secret meeting and swore by God that no truth in the report. ‘Abdullah bin Ubai bin Salul, a Medinan polytheist, refuted their allegations denouncing them as null and void, claiming that his people would never initiate anything unless he gave them clear orders.

The Medinan Muslims did not speak and the Meccans became convinced by the arguments of the Medinan polytheist. However, they were not fully satisfied and kept investigating the matter. It was not after that the Medinan pilgrims had left the city that they realized the truth of the matter. In a fit of rage, they pursued the pilgrims.^[7]

After much effort, they arrested al-Mundhir bin Amru but he broke away from them. Sa'd ibn Ubadah was also captured. They tied his hands to his neck and dragged him by his hair. Heavily beating him, they brought him to Mecca. But, luckily, Al-Mut‘im bin ‘Adi and Harith ibn Harb saved him, due to business relation they had with him.^[7]^[10]

See also

Notes

References

1. ^Shawqī Abū Khalīl, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&pg=PA85 Atlas Al-sīrah Al-Nabawīyah], p.85, Darussalam (2004), {{ISBN|9960897710}}. Quote: "The second Pledge of Al-'Aqabah (the pledge of war) was: "Blood is blood and blod not to be paid for is blood not to be paid for. I am of you and you are of me. I will war against them that war against you, and be at peace with those and peace with you""
2. ^Watt (1974) p. 83
3. ^Ibn Hisham, as-Seerat an-Nabawiyyah, Vol. I p. 454
4. ^¹Shawqī Abū Khalīl, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&pg=PA85 Atlas Al-sīrah Al-Nabawīyah], p.85, Darussalam (2004), {{ISBN|9960897710}}. Quote: "The second Pledge of Al-'Aqabah (the pledge of war) was: "Blood is blood and blood not to be paid for is blood not to be paid for. I am of you and you are of me. I will war against them that war against you, and be at peace with those and peace with you""
5. ^Tahdhib al-Tahdhib by Ibn Hajar Asqalani {{Citation | url = http://dictionary.al-islam.com/arb/Dicts/SelDict.asp?RDF=1&TL=1&Theme=26&DI=26 | title = Dictionary | publisher = Al Islam}}.
6. ^{{Citation | last = Ghadanfar | first = Mahmood Ahmad | title = Great Women of Islam | place = Riyadh | year = 2001 | pages = 207–15}}.
7. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷¹⁸¹⁹²⁰²¹²²²³²⁴²⁵²⁶²⁷²⁸²⁹³⁰³¹³²³³³⁴³⁵³⁶{{Citation | title = The Sealed Nectar | contribution-url = http://www.sunnipath.com/Resources/PrintMedia/Books/B0033P0017.aspx | contribution = The Second ‘Aqabah Pledge | publisher = Sunni path}}.
8. ^¹{{Citation | title = Abd Allah ibn Rawaahah | url = http://www.islamic-council.org/lib/men/ABD-ALLAH-IBN-RAWAAHAH.html | publisher = Islamic council | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060630073952/http://www.islamic-council.org/lib/men/ABD-ALLAH-IBN-RAWAAHAH.html | archivedate = 2006-06-30 | df = }}.
9. ^Ahmad ibn Hanbal
10. ^{{Citation | title = A Personality: The Apostle | publisher = Swipnet | place = SE | contribution-url = http://home.swipnet.se/islam/A_Personality/The_Apostle/7hope.htm | chapter = 7. Glimpses of hope – Light of Islam}}.