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词条 Sectarian violence in Pakistan
释义

  1. Religions and sects

  2. Shias

     Zia-ul-Haq   Initial Violence   Possible outside funding  2000–2010    2012–2013    Quetta Market bombing   Targeted killings   Karachi bombing   Parachinar twin market bombing  Ashoura violence  2014  Pak-Iran border Pilgrims killings  Shikarpur Mosque bomb blast  Shiite man killed in police custody  2015  Lahore church bombings  2015 Karachi bus shooting  2016  2017  2018  2019 

  3. Sufism

  4. Ahmadis

  5. Christians

  6. Hindus

      Persecution  

  7. See also

  8. References

{{EngvarB|date=February 2019}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Sectarian violence in Pakistan
| partof = the War on Terrorism
|date = 1947 – present
({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|year=1947}})
| place = {{flagu|Pakistan}}
| result = Ongoing
| combatant1 = Deobandi/Wahhabi/Salafi factions:
  • Lashkar-e-Jhangvi
  • Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan
  • Ahl-e-Sunnat-Wal-Jammat
  • Jundallah
  • Al-Qaeda
  • Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan
  • Lashkar-e-Farooqi
  • Lashkar-e-Omar
  • Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi
  • Lashkar-e-Taiba
  • Hizb-ul-Mujahideen
  • Harkat-ul-Ansar
  • Jaish-e-Mohammed Mujahideen-E-Tanzeem
  • Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba
  • Al Badr
  • Jamiat-ul-Mujahideen
  • Jammat-e-Islami
  • Muttahida Deeni Mahaz
  • Harkat-ul-Jehad-al-islam
  • Tehrik-e-Jihad
  • Islami Inqilabi Mahaz
  • Al Umar Mujahideen
  • Al Jihad
  • Tehrik ul Mujahideen

| combatant2= The victims:
  • Shia Muslims (main victims[1][2])
  • Ahmadis
  • Barelvis
  • Hindus
  • Christians
  • Sikhs
  • Sufis
  • Atheists

| casualties1 =
| casualties2 = Since 1947, tens of thousands of Shia Muslims were killed in Pakistan by state and non-state actors.[3][4][5]
| casualties3 =
| notes =
}}Sectarian violence in Pakistan refers to attacks and counter-attacks against people and places in Pakistan motivated by antagonism toward the target's sect, usually a religious group. These attacks are carried out by different Deobandi terrorist groups. Targets in Pakistan include the Barelvi Sunni, Shia,[6] Sufi, and the small Ahmadi, Hindu and Christian religious groups. As many as 4,000 people are estimated to have been killed in Shia-Sunni sectarian fighting in Pakistan between 1987–2007.[7] And since 2008 "thousands of Shia" have been killed by Sunni extremists according to the human rights group Human Rights Watch.[8]

One significant aspect of the attacks on Shi'a in Pakistan is that militants often target Shi'a worshipping places (Imambargah) during prayers in order to maximize fatalities and to "emphasize the religious dimensions of their attack".[9]

Human Rights Watch also states that in 2011 and 2012 Pakistan minority groups Hindus, Ahmadi, and Christians "faced unprecedented insecurity and persecution in the country".[8][9] Attacks on Sufi shrines by Salafis have also been reported.[10][13]

Among those blamed for the sectarian violence in the country are mainly Sunni militant groups, such as the Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, Sipah-e-Sahaba, Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (affiliates of Al-Qaeda),[11] Jundallah (affiliates of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant).[12] Lashkar-e-Jhangvi "has claimed responsibility for most attacks" on Shia according to Human Rights Watch.[13] Sunni militant groups are also blamed for attacks on fellow Sunnis, Barelvis and Sufis.[17] These attacks sometimes result in tit-for-tat reprisal attacks by Shia victims.[14][15]

Religions and sects

Shia and Sunni

Estimates of the size of the two largest religious groups in Pakistan vary. According to Library of Congress, Pew Research Center, Oxford University, the CIA Factbook and other experts, adherents of Shi'a Islam in Pakistan make up between 15-20% of the country's total population.[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] while the remaining 77%[25][26][27][28][29] are Sunni.

Pakistan, like India, is said to have at least 16 million Shias.[30][31][32] Globally, Shia Islam constitutes 10–20%[33][34][35][36][37] of the total Muslims, while the remaining 80%–90% practice Sunni Islam.[38]

Ahmadi and Sunni

An estimated 0.22%-2.2% are Ahmadi,[39] of the population are Ahmadi, who were designated 'non-Muslims' by a 1974 constitutional amendment, although they consider themselves Muslims, due to pressure from Sunni extremist groups.[40]

Other groups

Hinduism is the second largest religion in Pakistan after Islam, according to the 1998 Census.[41] Non-Muslim religions also include Christianity, which has 2,800,000 (1.6%) adherents as of 2005.[42] The Bahá'í Faith claims 30,000, followed by Sikhs, Buddhists and Parsis, each claiming 20,000 adherents,[43] and a very small community of Jains.

Shias

Shias allege discrimination by the Pakistani government since 1948, claiming that Sunnis are given preference in business, official positions and administration of justice.[44]

Zia-ul-Haq

{{see also|Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization}}

On 5 July 1977, General Zia-ul-Haq led a coup d'état.[45] In the year or two before Zia-ul-Haq's coup, his predecessor, leftist Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, had faced vigorous opposition which was united under the revivalist banner of Nizam-e-Mustafa[46] ("Rule of the prophet"). According to supporters of the movement, establishing an Islamic state based on sharia law would mean a return to the justice and success of the early days of Islam when the Islamic prophet Muhammad ruled the Muslims.[47] In an effort to stem the tide of street Islamisation, Bhutto had also called for it and banned the drinking and selling of wine by Muslims, nightclubs and horse racing.[47][48]

Zia-ul-Haq committed himself to establishing an Islamic state and enforcing sharia law.[47] Zia established separate Shariat judicial courts[49] and court benches[50][51] to judge legal cases using Islamic doctrine.[52] New criminal offences (of adultery, fornication, and types of blasphemy), and new punishments (of whipping, amputation, and stoning to death), were added to Pakistani law. Interest payments for bank accounts were replaced by "profit and loss" payments. Zakat charitable donations became a 2.5% annual tax. School textbooks and libraries were overhauled to remove un-Islamic material.[53] Offices, schools, and factories were required to offer praying space.[54] Zia bolstered the influence of the ulama (Islamic clergy) and the Islamic parties,[52] whilst conservative scholars became fixtures on television.[54] Thousands of activists from the Jamaat-e-Islami party were appointed to government posts to ensure the continuation of his agenda after his passing.[47][52][55][56] Conservative ulama (Islamic scholars) were added to the Council of Islamic Ideology.[50] Separate electorates for Hindus and Christians were established in 1985 even though Christian and Hindu leaders complained that they felt excluded from the country's political process.[57]

Zia's state sponsored Islamization increased sectarian divisions in Pakistan between Sunnis and Shias (due to Zia's anti-Shia policies)[58] and also between Deobandis and Barelvis.[59] A solid majority of Barelvis had supported the creation of Pakistan,[60] and Barelvi ulama had also issued fatwas in support of the Pakistan Movement during the 1946 elections,[61][62] but ironically Islamic state politics in Pakistan was mostly in favour of Deobandi (and later Ahl-e-Hadith/Salafi) institutions.[63] This was despite the fact that only a few (although influential) Deobandi clerics had supported the Pakistan Movement.[63] Zia-ul-Haq forged a strong alliance between the military and Deobandi institutions.[63]

Initial Violence

Attacks on Shias increased under the presidency of Zia-ul-Haq,[44] with the first major sectarian riots in Pakistan breaking out in 1983 in Karachi and later spreading to Lahore and Balochistan.[64] Sectarian violence became a recurring feature of the Muharram month every year, with sectarian violence between Sunnis and Shias taking place in 1986 in Parachinar.[64] In one notorious incident, the 1988 Gilgit Massacre, Osama bin Laden-led Sunni tribals assaulted, massacred and raped Shia civilians in Gilgit after being inducted by the Pakistan Army to quell a Shia uprising in Gilgit.[65][66][67][68][69]

Possible outside funding

Some allege that Persian Gulf Arab states, especially Saudi Arabia, are exacerbating tensions by funding radical extremist Sunnis. Wikileaks has reported that {{USD|100 million}} are gifted to extremist Wahhabi preachers in Southern Punjab from outside countries such as Saudi Arabia. Southern Punjab contains active extremist Sunni groups such as LEJ and their benefactors, such as Tehrike Taliban and Al-Qaeda.[70]

Sectarian violence in Pakistan is a recent phenomenon (starting in the late 1970s and significantly growing in the mid 1980s) and that for most of the country's history, people of different sects have co-existed peacefully. The development of sectarianism is widely attributed to be a result of Arab states and other outside powers inside Pakistan having provided millions of dollars of funding to fundamentalist networks.[71]

{{Quote|A fact recognized by all in Pakistan is that the people of the country are not sectarian-minded. Before jihad took hold of Pakistan and extremist clerics became threatening, there was considerable harmony between the sects. Muharram was not the season of sectarian violence and mayhem. Today, the world understands that the intensification of the sectarian feeling among the clerics is actually a result of a war relocated from Pakistan's neighbourhood in the Gulf.|The Express Tribune|2012[72]}}

2000–2010

Since the year 2000, over 2000 Shia Hazara community members including many women and children have been killed or wounded in attacks perpetrated by Al-Qaeda and Taliban in the southwestern town of Quetta. Many hundreds of Shia Muslims have been killed in northern areas of Pakistan, such as Gilgit, Baltistan, Parachinar and Chelas. The violence worsened immediately after 11 September 2001 and the expulsion of the Taliban from Afghanistan.[73] In 2002, 12 Shia Hazara police cadets were gunned down in Quetta. In 2003, the main Shia Friday Mosque was attacked in Quetta, killing 53 worshippers. On 2 March 2004, at least 42 persons were killed and more than 100 wounded when a procession of Shia Muslims was attacked by rival Sunni extremists at Liaquat Bazaar in Quetta.[74] In 2006, sectarian violence led to 300 deaths.[75]

On 28 December 2009, as many as 40 Shias were killed in an apparent suicide bombing in Karachi. The bomber attacked a Shia procession that was held to mark Ashura.[76] Since June 2010 in Karachi, Sipah-e-Sahaba is involved in the target killing of seven innocent bystanders and intellectuals; all were from the Twelver Shia Muslim community. Sectarian riots and the targeted killing of doctors in the provincial capital have drawn attention to the present democratic system. Karachi had witnessed similar sectarian tension in the early 1980s when then-President Zia-ul-Haq was in power. The military regime of those years had supported certain groups to strengthen its rule and Karachi underwent the worst situation after the sectarian riots. The Shia-Sunni clashes had started from the same section of the city, Godra Colony in New Karachi, after a small incident, and subsequently the clashes gripped the entire city.

In early September 2010, three separate attacks were reported in different parts of Pakistan. The first one took place on 1 September in Lahore where at least 35 Shia were killed and 160 people were injured during a procession. The second attack was reported to have taken place in Mardan, targeted Ahmadiyyas, and at least one person was killed. The third one occurred on 3 September in the city of Quetta, and killed 55 people during another procession.[77]

On 16 December, a mortar attack killed nine people, including women and children, in Hangu, a town that has been a flash point for sectarian clashes between Shia and Sunni communities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province, near the tribal area. On the same day in another attack, one child was killed and 28 people were wounded in Peshawar, the capital of KP province, as Shia Muslims marked Ashura.[78]

2012–2013

{{further|January 2013 Pakistan bombings}}

In the February 2012 Kohistan Shia Massacre, 18 Shia Muslim residents of Gilgit-Baltistan travelling by bus from Rawalpindi, Punjab to Gilgit, Gilgit Baltistan in Pakistan died. The buses were stopped in Kohistan and the victims killed by individuals dressed in military uniforms based on their religious affiliation. The dead included three children, while 27 other passengers on the bus were spared.

On 16 August 2012, four buses destined for Gilgit and the Eid-ul-Fitr festivals were stopped. Twenty-five Shia passengers were identified by their identity cards, separated from other passengers, and shot dead. Al-Qaeda-affiliated Sunni Muslim militants claimed responsibility for the attack. Three Shia Hazara community members were shot dead in the town of Quetta, which is home to a Sunni Taliban leadership group known as Quetta Shura.

On November 24, 2012, 8 people were killed and several injured after bomb exploded in Ashoura procession of Shi'ites in Dera Ismail Khan.

On 10 January 2013, several bombings took place in the southwestern Pakistani city of Quetta and in the northern Swat Valley, killing a total of 130 people and injuring at least 270.

A Bomb blast on Thursday 10 January 2013 occurred at a snooker club which was close to a police station and a Shia Mosque. "First suicidal attack was conducted and then a car bomb exploded on Alamdar Road," Said Mir Zubair Mehmood, the Capital City Police Officer. The bomb exploded at 8:50 p.m. local time. As police, rescuers and media personal rushed to the blast site, another bomb fixed to a vehicle parked near the site exploded, causing an even greater number of casualties. Over 100 were killed and 121 wounded in the second twin bomb attack.

Lashkae-e-jhangvi (LEJ), an extremist terrorist group banned by the government, has claimed responsibility for all the blasts. LEJ has organized under the name Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamat and the leader of the organization is Ahmad Ludhanvi, an extremist Salafi priest.

The family members of the people killed in the bomb blast refused to bury the dead unless the perpetrators were prosecuted, the military provided security for and took over the city of Quetta, and attackers stop killing Shia Muslims. Protesters staged a sit-in beginning the in solidarity with them in other cities, including Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad, on both Friday and Saturday. Protests have also occurred outside the Pakistani embassy in London and the Birmingham Consulate, in addition to countries with Shia populations such as Canada and Australia. Islamic custom dictates the dead should be buried as soon possible; to postpone the burial is symbolic of the pain and suffering the families of the killed experience.

Quetta Market bombing

On Saturday 16 February 2013, at least 90 people were reported dead and 180 wounded after a bomb exploded in a grocery market in Quetta. The death toll subsequently rose to 113.[79] The terrorist group Lashkae-e-jhangvi has claimed responsibility for the attack. Prime Minister Raja Pervaiz Ashraf said, "the government was determined to fight such dastardly acts and bring the culprits to justice." The remote-controlled bomb was hidden in a water tanker, and ripped through the town's main bazaar, a language school, and a computer center. At the time of the blast on Saturday afternoon, dozens of people, mainly women, were shopping for the evening meal and children were leaving classes. Quetta police chief Mir Zubia Mehmood said the explosive weighed 1000 kg, which was larger than the explosives used in the January attack.[80][81][82][83]

Targeted killings

On 18 February 2013, an unidentified gunmen shot dead Dr. Syed Ali Haider and his 11-year-old son while they were driving in their car in the Gulberg area of Lahore. Haider was shot six times in the head and died instantly while his son was shot once in the head and later died at a hospital. Haider was a leading vitreo-retinal surgeon, who also worked in collaboration with the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Trust Hospital. According to his uncle, he had "no personal enmity" and his killing was sectarian-motivated as he belonged to the Shia community. These killings were widely condemned.[84][85]

Karachi bombing

On 3 March 2013, a powerful bomb blast in the city of Karachi in the area of Abbas Town killed 45 people and wounded 150 others. The Bomb exploded outside a Shia Mosque as people were leaving from prayers. The blast destroyed the building, set other buildings on fire, and caused a power outage in the city. Human rights group have accused the Pakistani government of turning a "blind eye" to the bombings.[86][87][88][89]

Parachinar twin market bombing

On Friday 26 July 2013, a twin set of bomb blasts occurred in Parachinar, the main town of Kurram tribal Agency. The bomb blast killed 60 people and injured at least 187.[90] The first bomb blast hit the Parachinar market as people were busy buying food in preparation for the opening of the fast. The second bomb exploded near a road side. A terrorist organisation called Ansarul mujahideenhas claimed responsibility.[91] Abu baser spokesmen told a news channel that the attacks were carried out to seek revenge for Sunni Muslims in Syria and Iraq. "We have planned more similar attacks against the Shia community in Pakistan." Syed Jamal Shan, who visited the twin bombing site, told the Express Tribune, "The blast took place when people were shopping for ifthar. Blood and pieces of human flesh were scattered all around." Shia clerics and leaders demanded military action against the perpetrators of the twin blasts similar to the one in the Swat valley. The elder of the six Sunni tribes living in lower Kurram Agency expressed their sorrow over the incident to show solidarity with the victims of the bombings. The Sunni elders expressed their pain they share over the tragedy.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

Ashoura violence

During the Shia procession for Ashoura in November, violence took place in Rawalpindi leading to a curfew where when the Ashoura procession was passing in front of a Sunni mosque. The curfew was lifted, but violence continued and the curfew was reimposed. Nine people In which 8 shias and a passerby died and 50 others were injured, while a Sunni seminary students burned markets down. Violence also erupted in Multan and Chishtian, where soldiers were called out to maintain law and order. In Chishtian, a Shia mosque was partially damaged and several shops were destroyed when Sunnis torched them. At least six Imambargahs and shi'ite mosques were burnt by the armed group of Ahle-Sunnat wal Jamaat on the night of Ashura. Imambargah Hifazat Ali Shah, Bohar Bazar, Rawalpindi was burnt and Zuljinnah (Horse) was killed.[92][93]

Following that violence, in Kohat, at least three people were killed and the army was called in to establish control. In this incident, the Sunni armed group Ahl e Sunnat Wal Jamaat held a rally on 18 November to protest the Rawalpindi; the deaths then happened after Ahl-e-Sunnat Wal Jamaat's terrorists fired near a Shia mosque.[94]

2014

Pak-Iran border Pilgrims killings

At least 23 people die and seven are wounded in gun and suicide attack in a restaurant near the Pakistan-Iran border. Most or all of these people are believed to be Shia Pilgrims coming from Iran.

They say the gunmen targeted hotels in the town of Taftan, Balochistan province, where the pilgrims were staying after returning from Iran. Recent years have witnessed a series of bloody attacks by Sunni militants on Pakistan's Shia community.[95]

[96]

Shikarpur Mosque bomb blast

In Friday, 30 January 2015, over 60 people were killed at a bomb blast at a Shia mosque in Shikarpur, Pakistan. Militant group Jundullah claimed responsibility for the attack.[97]

Shiite man killed in police custody

An axe-wielding police officer killed a Shiite man in police custody, claiming he had committed blasphemy by insulting companions of the Prophet Muhammad.[98]

2015

Lahore church bombings

On 15 March 2015, two churches in Lahore were bombed during Sunday services,[99] killing 15 people and wounding seventy others.[100][101]

2015 Karachi bus shooting

On 13 May 2015 an armed attack on a bus travelling near Karachi left at least 45 people dead. Most of the victims were of the Ismaili Shia minority, suggesting the attack to have been a targeted killing of sectarian nature.

2016

{{expand section|date=October 2016}}

On 4 October-2016, 4 women from Shia Hazara Community returning their home were killed and several injured, when two motorcyclists opened fire on a local bus which was travelling to Hazara Town, Quetta, Pakistan.[102]

On 17 Oct-2016, one child killed and 15 others injured including 11 ladies and children in a cracker bomb attack during a ladies Majlis being held at Imambargah Dar-e-Abbas, situated in FC Area, Karachi.[103]

29 October 2016 at least five killed and seven people, including women injured when armed terrorists targeting Shia Muslims opened fire on participants of ladies Majlis (Shia religious gathering) at home in Nazimabad No.4, Karachi, close to Police & Ranger Stations.[104][105]

On 12 November-2016, above 45 people, including women and children, were killed and more than 100 injured by a bomb explosion in the crowded Shah Noorani Shrine situated in Hub town, Lasbela District, Balochistan.[106]

2017

On 19 August 2017, Ataullah Shah, a leader of JUI (F) and Khateeb of a sunni mosque, was shot dead by unknown gunmen in Dera Ismail Khan.[107]

2018

2019

Sufism

{{further|Sufism#Pakistan|Sufism in Pakistan}}

In two years, 2010 and 2011, 128 people were killed and 443 were injured in 22 attacks on Shrines and tombs of saints and religious people in Pakistan, most of them Sufi in orientation.[108]

Sufism, a mystical Islamic tradition, has a long history and a large popular following in Pakistan. Popular Sufi culture is centred on Thursday night gatherings at shrines and annual festivals which feature Sufi music and dance. Contemporary Islamic fundamentalists criticise its popular character, which in their view, does not accurately reflect the teachings and practice of the Prophet and his companions.[109][110]

Ahmadis

{{main|Persecution of Ahmadis}}

Ahmadi Muslims are declared as 'Non-Muslims' by the Bhutto government which gave into Sunni extremist pressure in 1974 and further deprived of their basic religious rights in the Second Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan and Ordinance XX which has led to thousands of cases of Ahmadis charged with various offences for alleged blasphemy and further fueled the Sectarian tensions. Many thousands of Ahmadis were killed in 1953 Lahore riots, 1974 Anti-Ahmadiyya riots and the May 2010 attacks on Ahmadi mosques in Lahore. The 1953 riots were the largest killings of Ahmadis.

In 2014, a prominent Canadian national surgeon, Dr. Mehdi Ali Qamar was killed in front of his family while on a humanitarian visit to Pakistan, one of 137 other Ahmadis killed in Pakistan from 2010-2014.[111]

Following the 2010 Lahore massacre, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, said "Members of this religious community have faced continuous threats, discrimination and violent attacks in Pakistan. There is a real risk that similar violence might happen again unless advocacy of religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence is adequately addressed. The Government must take every step to ensure the security of members of all religious minorities and their places of worship so as to prevent any recurrence of today's dreadful incident." Ban's spokesperson expressed condemndation and extended his condolences to the families of the victims and to the Government.[112]

Christians

{{Main|Christians in Pakistan#Islamist violence against Christians}}

A Christian church in Islamabad was attacked after 11 September 2001, and some Americans were among the dead.

On 22 September 2013, a twin suicide bomb attack took place at All Saints Church[113] in Peshawar, Pakistan, in which 127 people were killed and over 250 injured.[114][115][116][117] On 15 March 2015, two blasts took place at Roman Catholic Church and Christ Church during Sunday service at Youhanabad town of Lahore.[99] At least 15 people were killed and seventy were wounded in the attacks.[118][119]

Hindus

{{further|Anti-Hinduism in Pakistan|Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan}} Hindus in Pakistan are treated as second-class citizens and many have continued to flee to India.[120][121] According to the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan data, just around 1,000 Hindu families fled to India in 2013.[122] In May 2014, a member of the ruling Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N), Dr Ramesh Kumar Vankwani, revealed in the National Assembly of Pakistan that around 5,000 Hindus are migrating from Pakistan to India every year.[123]

Those Pakistani Hindus who have fled to India allege that Hindu girls are sexually harassed in Pakistani schools, adding that Hindu students are made to read the Quran and that their religious practices are mocked, which is rampant among Muslim majority nations.[124] The Indian government is planning to issue Aadhaar cards and PAN cards to Pakistani Hindu refugees, and simplifying the process by which they can acquire Indian citizenship.[125]

Persecution

Separate electorates for Hindus and Christians were established in 1985 – a policy originally proposed by Islamist leader Abul A'la Maududi. Christian and Hindu leaders complained that they felt excluded from the county's political process, but the policy had strong support from Islamists.[57]

In the aftermath of the Babri Masjid demolition Pakistani Hindus faced riots. Mobs attacked five Hindu temples in Karachi and set fire to 25 temples in towns across the province of Sindh. Shops owned by Hindus were also attacked in Sukkur. Hindu homes and temples were also attacked in Quetta.[126]

In 2005, 32 Hindus were killed by firing from the government side near Nawab Akbar Bugti's residence during bloody clashes between Bugti tribesmen and paramilitary forces in Balochistan. The firing left the Hindu residential locality near Bugti's residence badly hit.[127]

The rise of Taliban insurgency in Pakistan has been an influential and increasing factor in the persecution of and discrimination against religious minorities in Pakistan, such as Hindus, Christians, Sikhs, and other minorities.[128] It is said that there is persecution of religious minorities in Pakistan.[129][130]

In July 2010, around 60 members of the minority Hindu community in Karachi were attacked and evicted from their homes following an incident of a Dalit Hindu youth drinking water from a tap near an Islamic mosque.[131][132]

In January 2014, a policeman standing guard outside a Hindu temple at Peshawar was gunned down.[133] Pakistan's Supreme Court has sought a report from the government on its efforts to ensure access for the minority Hindu community to temples – the Karachi bench of the apex court was hearing applications against the alleged denial of access to the members of the minority community.[134][135][136]

See also

{{Portal|Pakistan}}
  • Anti-Bihari sentiment
  • Iran-Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
  • Minorities in Pakistan
  • Pakistani demographics
  • Persecution of Shia Muslims
  • Persecution of Ahmadiyya
  • Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan
  • Religious discrimination in Pakistan
  • Religious violence in India
  • Sectarian violence among Muslims
  • Shi'a–Sunni relations
  • Sunni Tehreek
  • Tehrik-e-Jafria

References

1. ^“Ahmadis, Barelvis, Christians and Hindus have all become subject to persecution within an increasingly religiously-chauvinistic Pakistani society, but it is Shias who have suffered the highest toll of bloodshed and whose fate is most tied to external forces intent on using Pakistan as a battleground for broader regional conflicts.” Source: https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/11/201211269131968565.html
2. ^”Then, the violence between Sunnis and Shias could also be interpreted as violence against a religious minority since Shias were first targeted by Sunni militant groups. Most of those killed in sectarian violence, around 70%, were Shias.” Source: https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/thematic-chronology-mass-violence-pakistan-1947-2007
3. ^https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/thematic-chronology-mass-violence-pakistan-1947-2007
4. ^https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/07/07/pakistans-shia-under-attack
5. ^https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/06/29/pakistan-rampant-killings-shia-extremists
6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Pakistan.pdf |title=Country Profile: Pakistan 75.6 % |date=February 2005 |work=Library of Congress Country Studies on Pakistan |quote=Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.3 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately percent are Sunni and 25 percent Shia. |publisher=Library of Congress |accessdate=1 September 2010}}
7. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0202/p01s02-wosc.html|title=Shiite-Sunni conflict rises in Pakistan|last=Montero|first=David|date=2007-02-02|newspaper=Christian Science Monitor|issn=0882-7729|access-date=2016-10-01}}
8. ^{{cite news|title=Timeline: Persecution of religious minorities|url=http://dawn.com/2012/11/04/timeline-persecution-of-religious-minorities/|newspaper=DAWN.COM {{!}}|date=4 November 2012}}
9. ^{{cite web|title=World Report 2012: Pakistan|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-pakistan|publisher=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=6 March 2013}}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://criticalppp.com/archives/239339 |title=Sunni Ittehad Council: Sunni Barelvi activism against Deobandi-Wahhabi terrorism in Pakistan – by Aarish U. Khan |accessdate=12 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123005941/http://criticalppp.com/archives/239339 |archivedate=23 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1758534.stm |title=Pakistan's militant Islamic groups |date=13 January 2002 |quote=Sipah-e-Sahaba or the Army of Prophet Mohammad's companions is a radical group from the majority Sunni sect of Islam}}
12. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Roul|first1=Animesh|title=Growing Islamic State Influence in Pakistan Fuels Sectarian Violence|journal=Terrorism Monitor|date=26 June 2015|volume=13|issue=13|url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=44083&tx_ttnews[backPid]=26&cHash=48d507d49abec49f73d4640cb2d342f9#.VZLZRVJggg4|accessdate=30 June 2015}}
13. ^1 {{cite web|title=Pakistan: Rampant Killings of Shia by Extremists|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/06/29/pakistan-rampant-killings-shia-extremists|publisher=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=16 November 2014|date=30 June 2014}}
14. ^1 {{Cite web|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1758534.stm |title=Pakistan's militant Islamic groups |publisher=BBC News |date=13 January 2002}}
15. ^{{Cite web|url= http://ramansterrorismanalysis.blogspot.com/2010/09/attacks-on-shias-in-pakistan-message-to.html |title=ATTACKS ON SHIAS IN PAKISTAN, A MESSAGE TO IRAN TOO: INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM MONITOR—PAPER NO. 674 |publisher=South Asian Analysis |date=24 November 2014}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Pakistan.pdf|title=Country Profile: Pakistan|date=February 2005|publisher=Library of Congress|quote=Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.3 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 75 percent are Sunni and 25 percent Shia.|work=Library of Congress Country Studies on Pakistan|accessdate=2010-09-01}}
17. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-executive-summary/|title=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|last=|first=|date=9 August 2012|website=Pew Research Center|publisher=|access-date=26 December 2016|quote=On the other hand, in Pakistan, where 6% of the survey respondents identify as Shia, Sunni attitudes are more mixed: 50% say Shias are Muslims, while 41% say they are not.}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk®ionCode=sas&#pk|title=Religions: Muslim 95% (Sunni 75%, Shia 20%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 5%|year=2010|publisher=The World Factbook on Pakistan|accessdate=2010-08-24|work=Central Intelligence Agency}}
19. ^{{Cite book|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population|date=October 2009|publisher=Pew Research Center|editor-last=Miller|editor-first=Tracy|accessdate=2015-10-07}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1809?_hi=1&_pos=1|title=Pakistan, Islam in|date=|publisher=Oxford University Press|quote=Approximately 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslim. The majority are Sunnis following the Hanafi school of Islamic law. Between 10 and 15 percent are Shias, mostly Twelvers.|accessdate=2010-08-29|work=Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm|title=Pakistan - International Religious Freedom Report 2008|publisher=|quote=The majority of Muslims in the country are Sunni, with a Shi'a minority ranging between 10 to 20 percent.|work=United States Department of State|accessdate=2010-08-28}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://newsweekpakistan.com/the-trouble-with-madrassahs/|title=THE TROUBLE WITH MADRASSAHS}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://thediplomat.com/2014/05/early-warning-signs-of-shia-genocide-in-pakistan/|title=Early Warning Signs of Shia Genocide in Pakistan}}
24. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/26/us-pakistan-attack-idUSBRE96P0NE20130726|title=Suicide bombs kill 39 near Shi'ite mosques in Pakistan|date=26 July 2013|publisher=Reuters|last2=Ahmad|first2=Jibran|first1=Javed|last1=Hussain}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Pakistan.pdf|title=Country Profile: Pakistan|date=February 2005|publisher=Library of Congress|quote=Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.3 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 95 percent are Sunni and 5 percent Shia.|work=Library of Congress Country Studies on Pakistan|accessdate=2010-09-01}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk®ionCode=sas&#pk|title=Religions: Muslim 95% (Sunni 75%, Shia 20%), other|year=2010|publisher=CIA|department=Pakistan (includes Christian and Hindu) 5%|accessdate=2010-08-28|work=The World Factbook}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%286%29.aspx|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population|date=7 October 2009|publisher=|accessdate=2010-08-28|work=Pew Research Center}}
28. ^{{Cite book|url=http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population|date=October 2009|publisher=Pew Research Center|editor-last=Miller|editor-first=Tracy|format=PDF|accessdate=2010-08-28|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010050756/http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf|archivedate=10 October 2009|df=dmy-all}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm|title=Pakistan - International Religious Freedom Report 2008|publisher=|quote=|work=United States Department of State|accessdate=2010-08-28}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html?countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk®ionCode=sas&#pk|title=Field Listing : Religions|year=2010|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|accessdate=24 August 2010|work=The World Factbook}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%286%29.aspx|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population|date=October 2009|publisher=Pew Research Center|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327201319/http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%286%29.aspx|archivedate=27 March 2010|editor=Tracy Miller|accessdate=9 June 2010}}
32. ^{{cite book|title=The Shia revival : how conflicts within Islam will shape the future|date=2007|publisher=W.W. Norton|isbn=0393329682|edition=Paperback|location=New York|last1=Nasr|first1=Vali}}
33. ^{{Cite web|url=http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%286%29.aspx|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population|date=7 October 2009|accessdate=24 August 2010|work=Pew Research Center}}
34. ^{{Cite book|url=http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population|publisher=Pew Research Center|year=2009|format=PDF|editor=Tracy Miller|accessdate=25 August 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010050756/http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf|archivedate=10 October 2009|df=dmy-all}}
35. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/pilgrimage-to-karbala/sunni-and-shia-the-worlds-of-islam/1737/|title=Pilgrimage to Karbala – Sunni and Shia: The Worlds of Islam|date=26 March 2007|publisher=PBS|accessdate=1 September 2010}}
36. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/540503/Shiite |title=Shīʿite |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |quote=Shīʿites have come to account for roughly one-tenth of the Muslim population worldwide. |year=2010 |accessdate=25 August 2010}}
37. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |title=Religions |accessdate=29 August 2010 |work=CIA |publisher=The World Factbook |quote=Shia Islam represents 20% of Muslims worldwide... |year=2010}}
38. ^{{Cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |title=Sunnite |accessdate=24 August 2010 |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |quote=They numbered about 900 million in the late 20th century and constituted nine-tenths of all the adherents of Islām.|year=2010}}
39. ^The 1998 Pakistani census states that there are 291,000 (0.22%) Ahmadis in Pakistan. However, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has boycotted the census since 1974 which renders official Pakistani figures to be inaccurate. Independent groups have estimated the Pakistani Ahmadiyya population to be somewhere between 2 million and 5 million Ahmadis. However, the 4 million figure is the most quoted figure and is approximately 2.2% of the country. See* over 2 million: {{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/49913b5f2c.html|title=Pakistan: The situation of Ahmadis, including legal status and political, education and employment rights; societal attitudes toward Ahmadis (2006 - Nov. 2008)|date=2008-12-04|author=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|accessdate=2012-06-28}}* 3 million: International Federation for Human Rights: International Fact-Finding Mission. Freedoms of Expression, of Association and of Assembly in Pakistan. Ausgabe 408/2, Januar 2005, S. 61 (PDF)* 3–4 million: Commission on International Religious Freedom: Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. 2005, S. 130* 4.910.000: James Minahan: Encyclopedia of the stateless nations. Ethnic and national groups around the world. Greenwood Press . Westport 2002, page 52* {{cite web|url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=IRBC&type=QUERYRESPONSE&coi=PAK&rid=&docid=45f1478f20&skip=0|title=Pakistan: Situation of members of the Lahori Ahmadiyya Movement in Pakistan|accessdate=30 April 2014}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm|title=International Religious Freedom Report 2008: Pakistan|publisher=US State Department|accessdate=24 June 2010}}
41. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/other/yearbook2011/Population/16-16.pdf|title=Population Distribution by Religion, 1998 Census|last=|first=|date=|website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|publisher=|access-date=26 December 2016}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Pakistan.pdf|title=Country Profile: Pakistan|year=2005|publisher=Library of Congress|pages=2, 3, 6, 8|format=PDF|accessdate=28 December 2011}}
43. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm|title=Pakistan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008|quote=The majority of Muslims in the country are Sunni, with a Shi'a minority ranging between 20 to 25 percent.|work=United States Department of State|accessdate=28 August 2010}}
44. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O7GPWbu8XKgC&pg=PT24&dq=gilgit+shias+1988+killing&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjgzNmygZzRAhWKkpQKHeKqCgYQ6AEIRTAI#v=onepage&q=gilgit%20shias%201988%20killing&f=false|title=Around Rakaposhi|last=Jones|first=Brian H.|publisher=Brian H Jones|year=2010|isbn=9780980810721|location=|pages=|quote=Many Shias in the region feel that they have been discriminated against since 1948. They claim that the Pakistani government continually gives preferences to Sunnis in business, in official positions, and in the administration of justice...The situation deteriorated sharply during the 1980s under the presidency of the tyrannical Zia-ul Haq when there were many attacks on the Shia population.|via=}}
45. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJBpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA196&dq=1973+constitution+pakistan+islam&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjovf71oPDQAhXCn5QKHRBoDGIQ6AEINTAF#v=onepage&q=1973%20constitution%20pakistan%20islam&f=false|title=Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries: Between Upheaval and Continuity|last=Grote|first=Rainer|last2=|first2=|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2012|isbn=9780199910168|location=|pages=196|quote=|via=}}
46. ^{{cite book|title=Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism|date=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0195096959|location=New York, Oxford|pages=45–6|last1=Nasr|first1=Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr}}
47. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&pg=PA100&dq=Nizam-e-Mustafa+sharia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VMqBVLDYCsSoyAS8yYKYBw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Nizam-e-Mustafa%20sharia&f=false|title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam|date=2002|publisher=I.B.Tauris|edition=2006|pages=100–101|last1=Kepel|first1=Gilles|accessdate=5 December 2014}}
48. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9cCtsWb9hoYC&pg=PA202&dq=zia+ul+haq&hl=en&ei=y1vDTv2NE4aSiALKppTYCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=10&ved=0CGkQ6wEwCQ#v=onepage&q=zia%20ul%20haq&f=false|title=State and Secularism: Perspectives from Asia§General Zia-ul-Haq and Patronage of Islamism|last=Michael Heng Siam-Heng, Ten Chin Liew|publisher=World Scientific|year=2010|isbn=9789814282383|location=Singapore|page=360}}
49. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WG-pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA196&dq=1973+constitution+pakistan+islam&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjovf71oPDQAhXCn5QKHRBoDGIQ6AEIPDAG#v=onepage&q=1973%20constitution%20pakistan%20islam&f=false|title=Islam, Law and Identity|last=Diamantides|first=Marinos|last2=Gearey|first2=Adam|publisher=Routledge|year=2011|isbn=9781136675652|location=|pages=198|quote=|via=}}
50. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mIUwZ4aVM8AC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=%22International+Commission+of+Jurists%22+pakistan+Zia-ul-Haq&source=bl&ots=UBeHV1Feae&sig=ihPx0FKXz-LRRbJRdLQy0A34we4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lK5_VNL_CoO0yASoq4HYCQ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22International%20Commission%20of%20Jurists%22%20pakistan%20Zia-ul-Haq&f=false|title=Double Jeopardy: Police Abuse of Women in Pakistan|date=1992|publisher=Human Rights Watch|page=19|accessdate=3 December 2014}}
51. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PA132&dq=zia+ul+haq&hl=en&ei=y1vDTv2NE4aSiALKppTYCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=2&ved=0CEAQ6wEwAQ#v=onepage&q=zia%20ul%20haq&f=false|title=Pakistan: between mosque and military|last=Haqqani|first=Hussain|publisher=United Book Press|year=2005|isbn=9780870032851|location=Washington D.C.|page=400}}
52. ^1 2 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQGwgJnCPZgC&pg=PA216&dq=%22a+brief+history+of+pakistan%22+zia+bolster+ulama&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-hV5VN7mDOHIsQSSiYCoAQ&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22a%20brief%20history%20of%20pakistan%22%20zia%20bolster%20ulama&f=false|title=A Brief History of Pakistan|date=2009|publisher=Facts on File|isbn=9780816061846|pages=216–7|last1=Wynbrandt|first1=James}}
53. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONZpltd6UZ8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=zia+giving+him+a+free+hand+to+ignore+internationally+accepted+human+rights+norms&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qIVvVJbMBM_hoASD14CQAw&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Pakistan : eye of the storm|date=2002|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven and London|pages=16–7|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennett}}
54. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/812995/pious-follies|title=Pious follies|date=3 September 2009|website=Dawn.com|last1=Paracha|first1=Nadeem F.|accessdate=20 December 2014}}
55. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=Tens+of+thousands+of+Jamaat+activists+and+sympathisers&source=bl&ots=0znj0JNV-d&sig=k2q58eXd587bOoZtty4oMFE6ZO4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cp9vVMjQBMecgwTV0oDgBA&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Tens%20of%20thousands%20of%20Jamaat%20activists%20and%20sympathisers&f=false|title=Pakistan : eye of the storm|date=2002|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven and London|pages=16–7|quote=... Zia rewarded the only political party to offer him consistent support, Jamaat-e-Islami. Tens of thousands of Jamaat activists and sympathisers were given jobs in the judiciary, the civil service and other state institutions. These appointments meant Zia's Islamic agenda lived on long after he died.|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennett}}
56. ^{{cite book|url=http://www.chicagobooth.edu/~/media/E49831A1165C49EBA902C83648F0CE36.pdf|title=ISLAMIZATION AND THE PAKISTANI ECONOMY|date=2004|publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center or Scholars|page=95|chapter=Islamization, the State and Development|quote=General Zia became the patron of Islamization in Pakistan and for the first time in the country's history, opened the bureaucracy, the military, and various state institutions to Islamic parties|last1=Nasr|first1=Vali|editor2-last=Lee|editor2-first=Wilson|editor1-last=Hathaway|editor1-first=Robert|accessdate=30 January 2015}}
57. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONZpltd6UZ8C&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31&dq=separate+electorates+for+minorities+in+pakistan&source=bl&ots=EvDJ2iJhtR&sig=O8KTsCMNPSx9Ze8Q6TggED2GsIQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VauHVK33E8H2yQTG8IGQAQ&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=separate%20electorates%20for%20minorities%20in%20pakistan&f=false|title=Pakistan: Eye of the Storm|date=2002|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300101473|page=31|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennett|accessdate=9 December 2014}}
58. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA346&dq=zia+ul+haq+anti-shia+policies&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwip1bS7_KTRAhXCmJQKHTuwD1gQ6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&q=zia%20ul%20haq%20anti-shia%20policies&f=false|title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan|last=|first=|publisher=Springer|year=2016|isbn=9781349949663|location=|pages=346|quote=The grave impact of that legacy was compunded by the Iranian Revolution, and Zia-ul Haq's anti-Shia policies, which added the violence and regimentation of the organization.|via=}}
59. ^{{cite book|title=Pakistan, a Modern History|date=1998|publisher=St.Martin's Press|location=NY|page=251|quote=The state sponsored process of Islamisation dramatically increased sectarian divisions not only between Sunnis and Shia over the issue of the 1979 Zakat Ordinance, but also between Deobandis and Barelvis.|last1=Talbot|first1=Ian}}
60. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA167&dq=barelvi+ulema+pakistan+movement&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwju2M3j7v7QAhXBG5QKHfMyBNIQ6AEIJTAC#v=onepage&q=barelvi%20ulema%20pakistan%20movement&f=false|title=State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security|last=Long|first=Roger D.|last2=Singh|first2=Gurharpal|last3=Samad|first3=Yunas|last4=Talbot|first4=Ian|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=9781317448204|location=|pages=167|quote=In the 1940s a solid majority of the Barelvis were supporters of the Pakistan Movement and played a supporting role in its final phase (1940-7), mostly under the banner of the All-India Sunni Conference which had been founded in 1925.|via=}}
61. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgFeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135&dq=Barelvi+ulema+pakistan+movement&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjsyqKd6I7RAhUBmJQKHc-zCRAQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=Barelvi%20ulema%20pakistan%20movement&f=false|title=The Awakening of Muslim Democracy: Religion, Modernity, and the State|last=Cesari|first=Jocelyne|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=9781107513297|location=|pages=135|quote=For example, the Barelvi ulama supported the formation of the state of Pakistan and thought that any alliance with Hindus (such as that between the Indian National Congress and the Jamiat ulama-I-Hind [JUH]) was counterproductive.|via=}}
62. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfI-hEI8a9wC&pg=PA87&dq=Barelvi+ulama+1946+elections&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjooZvo547RAhWDHpQKHe2zAC8Q6AEIGTAA#v=onepage&q=Barelvi%20ulama%201946%20elections&f=false|title=Pakistan: The Struggle Within|last=John|first=Wilson|publisher=Pearson Education India|year=2009|isbn=9788131725047|location=|pages=87|quote=During the 1946 election, Barelvi Ulama issued fatwas in favour of the Muslim League.|via=}}
63. ^1 2 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA379&dq=barelvi+ulema+pakistan+movement&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwju2M3j7v7QAhXBG5QKHfMyBNIQ6AEIKjAD#v=onepage&q=barelvi%20ulema%20pakistan%20movement&f=false|title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan|last=Syed|first=Jawad|last2=Pio|first2=Edwina|last3=Kamran|first3=Tahir|last4=Zaidi|first4=Abbas|publisher=Springer|year=2016|isbn=9781349949663|location=|pages=379|quote=Ironically, Islamic state politics in Pakistan was mostly in favour of Deobandi, and more recently Ahl-e Hadith/Salafi, institutions. Only a few Deobandi clerics decided to support the Pakistan Movement, but they were highly influential.|via=}}
64. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1987-11-10/news/8703240490_1_shiites-sunni-karachi/2|title=Sectarian Strife Threatens Pakistan`s Fragile Society|last=Broder|first=Jonathan|date=10 November 1987|work=Chicago Tribune|quote=Pakistan`s first major Shiite-Sunni riots erupted in 1983 in Karachi during the Shiite holiday of Muharram; at least 60 people were killed. More Muharram disturbances followed over the next three years, spreading to Lahore and the Baluchistan region and leaving hundreds more dead. Last July, Sunnis and Shiites, many of them armed with locally made automatic weapons, clashed in the northwestern town of Parachinar, where at least 200 died.|access-date=31 December 2016|via=}}
65. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O7GPWbu8XKgC&pg=PT24&dq=gilgit+shias+1988+killing&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjgzNmygZzRAhWKkpQKHeKqCgYQ6AEIRTAI#v=onepage&q=gilgit%20shias%201988%20killing&f=false|title=Around Rakaposhi|last=Jones|first=Brian H.|publisher=Brian H Jones|year=2010|isbn=9780980810721|location=|pages=|quote=Many Shias in the region feel that they have been discriminated against since 1948. They claim that the Pakistani government continually gives preferences to Sunnis in business, in official positions, and in the administration of justice...The situation deteriorated sharply during the 1980s under the presidency of the tyrannical Zia-ul Haq when there were many attacks on the Shia population. In one of the most notorious incidents, during May 1988 Sunni assailants destroyed Shia villages, forcing thousands of people to flee to Gilgit for refuge. Shia mosques were razed and about 100 people were killed|via=}}
66. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/feb/26raman.htm|title=The Karachi Attack: The Kashmir Link|last=Raman|first=B|date=26 February 2003|work=Rediiff News|quote=A revolt by the Shias of Gilgit was ruthlessly suppressed by the Zia-ul Haq regime in 1988, killing hundreds of Shias. An armed group of tribals from Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier Province, led by Osama bin Laden, was inducted by the Pakistan Army into Gilgit and adjoining areas to suppress the revolt.|access-date=31 December 2016|via=}}
67. ^{{Cite news|url=http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153556|title=This Muharram, Gilgit gives peace a chance|last=Taimur|first=Shamil|date=12 October 2016|work=Herald|quote=This led to violent clashes between the two sects. In 1988, after a brief calm of nearly four days, the military regime allegedly used certain militants along with local Sunnis to 'teach a lesson' to Shias, which led to hundreds of Shias and Sunnis being killed.|access-date=31 December 2016|via=}}
68. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PYquDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37&dq=gilgit+shias+osama+bin+laden&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjBv5zhhJ7RAhVCI5QKHT5ED6cQ6AEIIzAC#v=onepage&q=gilgit%20shias%20osama%20bin%20laden&f=false|title=International Organizations and The Rise of ISIL: Global Responses to Human Security Threats|last=|first=|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=9781315536088|editor-last=|editor-first=|location=|pages=37–38|quote=Several hundred Shiite civilians in Gilgit, Pakistan, were massacred in 1988 by Osama Bin Laden and his Taliban fighters (Raman, 2004).|via=}}
69. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19mPVOBZ_9YC&pg=PA134&dq=gilgit+shias+raped+1988&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiKgvjkm57RAhXLNpQKHZnoCx8Q6AEIGTAA#v=onepage&q=gilgit%20shias%20raped%201988&f=false|title=The Making of Terrorism in Pakistan: Historical and Social Roots of Extremism|last=Murphy|first=Eamon|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=9780415565264|location=|pages=134|quote=Shias in the district of Gilgit were assaulted, killed and raped by an invading Sunni lashkar-armed militia-comprising thousands of jihadis from the North West Frontier Province.|via=}}
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81. ^{{cite web|title=Pakistan Shi'ites demand better protection from militants|url=http://www.euronews.com/2013/02/18/pakistan-shi-ites-demand-better-protection-from-militants/|date=2013-02-18|agency=euronews}}
82. ^{{cite web|title=Families of Quetta blast victims search for answers|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21554988}}
83. ^{{cite web|title=LJ leader Malik Ishaq detained in Rahim Yar Khan|url=http://dawn.com/2013/02/22/lj-leader-malik-ishaq-arrested-in-rahim-yar-khan/|agency=dawn.com|date=22 February 2013}}
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98. ^{{cite news|title=Pakistan police officer kills 'blasphemer' with axe|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-29933125|accessdate=30 June 2015|agency=bbc news|date=6 November 2014}}
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100. ^{{cite news|title=Worshippers killed in Pakistan church bombings |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/03/lahore-churches-hit-deadly-bomb-attacks-150315074103093.html |accessdate=30 June 2015|agency=al jazeera|date=15 March 2015}}
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102. ^{{cite web|author=Syed Ali Shah| url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1287981/four-hazara-women-killed-as-gunmen-open-fire-on-quetta-bus |title= Four Hazara women killed as gunmen open fire on Quetta bus | publisher=Dawn News | date= 5 October 2016|accessdate=12 November 2016}}
103. ^{{cite web|author=Imtiaz Ali| url= http://www.dawn.com/news/1290555/teenager-killed-in-blast-outside-imambargah-in-karachi-15-others-injured|title= Teenager killed in blast outside Imambargah in Karachi, 15 others injured| publisher=Dawn News | date= 18 October 2016|accessdate=12 November 2016}}
104. ^{{cite web |author=Asim Malik | url= http://aaj.tv/2016/10/five-people-gun-down-in-karachi/| title= Five people killed in Karachi sectarian attack| publisher= Aaj tv | date= 29 October 2016 | accessdate=12 November 2016}}
105. ^{{cite web|author=Jon Boone and Kiyya Baloch| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/31/tight-security-for-funeral-of-briton-and-brothers-shot-dead-in-pakistan? |title=Tight security for funeral of Briton and brothers shot dead in Pakistan| publisher= theguardian | date= 31 October 2016|accessdate=12 November 2016}}
106. ^{{cite web|author=Zafar Baloch|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1228939/12-dead-dozens-injured-hubs-shah-noorani-shrine-explosion/ |title=At least 40 dead, over 100 injured in Khuzdar's Shah Noorani shrine explosion|publisher= The Express Tribune|date=12 November 2016|accessdate=12 November 2016}}
107. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/08/19/jui-f-local-leader-killed-in-firing-incident-in-dera-ismail-khan/|title=JUI-F local leader killed in firing incident in Dera Ismail Khan|work=Pakistan Today|date=19 August 2017|accessdate=8 October 2017}}
108. ^{{cite web|title=PAKISTAN SECURITY ANALYSIS ANNUAL REPORT 2011|url=http://www.circle.org.pk/images/Pakistan%20Security%20Annual%20Report.pdf|website=www.circle.org.pk|accessdate=24 November 2014}}
109. ^1 {{cite news|title=Sufism Under Attack in Pakistan|url=http://video.nytimes.com/video/2011/01/06/world/asia/1248069532117/sufism-under-attack-in-pakistan.html|accessdate=21 May 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|author=Produced by Charlotte Buchen|format=video}}
110. ^{{cite news|title=The Islam That Hard-Liners Hate|url=http://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/06/the-islam-that-hard-liners-hate/|accessdate=21 May 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=6 January 2011|author=Huma Imtiaz|author2=Charlotte Buchen|format=blog}}
111. ^{{cite news|last1=News|first1=Cbc|title=Photo Galleries Slain doctor Mehdi Ali Qamar was 'servant of humanity'|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/slain-doctor-mehdi-ali-qamar-was-servant-of-humanity-1.2664786|publisher=CBC NEws}}
112. ^[https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=34849&Cr=&Cr1= UN News Centre]
113. ^{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/south-asia/suicide-bombers-attack-historic-church-in-peshawar-60-killed_878368.html|title=Suicide bombers attack historic church in Peshawar, 60 killed|date=22 September 2013|work=Zee News|accessdate=22 September 2013}}
114. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ghrd.org/news/article/news/detail/News/the-september-attack-on-all-saints-church-in-peshawar/|title=GHRD: Article|work=Global Human Rights Defense|accessdate=6 November 2014}}
115. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24193734|title=40 die in Pakistan bombing|work=BBC News|date=22 September 2013|accessdate=22 September 2013}}
116. ^{{cite web|url=http://dawn.com/news/1044668/twin-church-blasts-claims-66-lives-in-peshawar|title=Twin church blasts claims 66 lives in Peshawar|work=Dawn|date=22 September 2013|accessdate=22 September 2013}}
117. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-suicide-bomber-pakistan-20130922,0,923285.story|title=Suicide bomb attack kills 60 at Pakistan church|date=22 September 2013|work=Associated Press via The Los Angeles Times|accessdate=22 September 2013}}
118. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1169713|title=15 killed in Taliban attack on Lahore churches|author=Agencies - Imran Gabol - Nadeem Haider - Waseem Riaz - Abbas Haider - Akbar Ali|work=dawn.com}}
119. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/03/lahore-churches-hit-deadly-bomb-attacks-150315074103093.html|title=Worshippers killed in Pakistan church bombings|work=aljazeera.com}}
120. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6367773.stm|title=Hindus feel the heat in Pakistan|last=Sohail|first=Riaz|date=2 March 2007|work=BBC|quote=But many Hindu families who stayed in Pakistan after partition have already lost faith and migrated to India.|via=|accessdate=22 February 2011}}
121. ^{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-114-pakistanis-are-indian-citizens-now/articleshow/59695975.cms|title=Gujarat: 114 Pakistanis are Indian citizens now|accessdate=24 July 2017|work=Ahmedabad Mirror}}
122. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1206092|title=Hindu refugees from Pakistan encounter suspicion and indifference in India|last=Rizvi|first=Uzair Hasan|date=10 September 2015|work=Dawn}}
123. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1105830|title=5,000 Hindus migrating to India every year, NA told|last=Haider|first=Irfan|date=13 May 2014|work=|access-date=2016-01-15|via=}}
124. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34645370|title=Why Pakistani Hindus leave their homes for India - BBC News|date=28 October 2015|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|accessdate=6 May 2016}}
125. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-modi-government-to-let-pakistani-hindus-register-as-citizens-for-as-low-as-rs-100-2203007|title=Modi government to let Pakistani Hindus register as citizens for as low as Rs 100 {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=17 April 2016|work=Daily News and Analysis|language=en-US|accessdate=6 May 2016}}
126. ^{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE2DD113BF93BA35751C1A964958260&sec=&spon=|title=Pakistanis Attack 30 Hindu Temples|last=|first=|date=1992-12-07|work=|publisher=The New York Times|quote=Muslims attacked more than 30 Hindu temples across Pakistan today, and the Government of this overwhelmingly Muslim nation closed offices and schools for a day to protest the destruction of a mosque in India.|via=|accessdate=2011-04-15}}
127. ^{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4372789.stm|title=Journalists find Balochistan 'war zone'|last=Abbas|first=Zaffar|date=22 March 2005|work=BBC|quote=The Hindu residential locality that is close to Mr Bugti's fortress-like house was particularly badly hit. Mr Bugti says 32 Hindus were killed by firing from the government side in exchanges that followed an attack on a government convoy last Thursday.|access-date=26 December 2016|via=}}
128. ^Extremists Make Inroads in Pakistan’
129. ^{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/south-asia/persecution-of-religious-minorities-in-pakistan_884708.html|title=Persecution of religious minorities in Pakistan|date=21 October 2013|website=Zee news|publisher=Zee Media Corporation Ltd.|accessdate=18 February 2014}}
130. ^[https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71443.htm US Department of State International Religious Freedom Report 2006]
131. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article512346.ece|title=Hindus attacked, evicted from their homes in Pak's Sindh|date=12 July 2010|publisher=The Hindu|author=Press Trust of India|accessdate=14 July 2010}}
132. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.oneindia.in/2010/07/13/hindus-in-sindh-attacked-pakistan.html|title=Hindus attacked in Pakistan|date=13 July 2010|newspaper=Oneindia.in}}
133. ^{{cite web|url=http://newsweekpakistan.com/hindu-temple-guard-gunned-down-in-peshawar|title=Hindu temple guard gunned down in Peshawar|date=26 January 2014|website=Newsweek Pakistan|publisher=AG Publications (Private) Limited.|accessdate=31 January 2014}}
134. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-hindus-in-pakistan-denied-access-to-temples/20140227.htm#2|title=Are Hindus in Pakistan being denied access to temples?|date=27 February 2014|website=rediff.com|publisher=PTI (Press Trust Of India)|accessdate=3 March 2014}}
135. ^{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/676049/hindus-being-denied-access-to-temple-sc-questions-authorities|title=Hindus being denied access to temple, SC questions authorities|last=Sahoutara|first=Naeem|date=26 February 2014|publisher=The Express Tribune News Network|authorlink=|accessdate=3 March 2014}}
136. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/news/41450-pak-sc-seeks-report-on-denial-of-access-to-hindu-temple.html|title=Pak SC seeks report on denial of access to Hindu temple|date=26 February 2014|publisher=Press Trust of India|accessdate=3 March 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20140303211814/http://www.thestatesman.net/news/41450-pak-sc-seeks-report-on-denial-of-access-to-hindu-temple.html|archivedate=3 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sectarian Violence In Pakistan}}

9 : History of Pakistan|Islam in Pakistan|Regional rivalries|Religiously motivated violence in Pakistan|Schisms in Islam|Sectarian violence in Pakistan|Shia Islam in Pakistan|Ongoing conflicts|Persecution by Muslims
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