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词条 Secwepemc
释义

  1. Traditional Shuswap tribal divisions and bands

  2. Notable Secwepemc people

  3. See also

  4. Notes

  5. External links

{{Infobox ethnic group
|group=Secwepemc
Shuswap
|native_name=Secwépemc
| image = Secwepemcúl'ecw on Turtle Island.png
| image_caption = Location and extent of Secwepemcúĺecw on Turtle Island (North America)
|total=6,755 (Including those of mixed ancestry)
|total_year=2016
|total_ref=[1]
|popplace=Canada (British Columbia)
|rels=
|languages=Shuswap, English
|related=other Salish
}}

The Secwépemc ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|ə|ˈ|hw|ɛ|p|əm}} {{respell|shə|WHEP|əm}};[2][3] Secwepemc: {{IPA-sal|ʃəˈxʷɛpməx|}} or {{IPA-sal|səˈxwɛpməx|}}), known in English as the Shuswap people {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|uː|ʃ|w|ɑː|p}}, are a First Nations people residing in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Secwepemcúĺecw, their country, ranges from the eastern Chilcotin Plateau and the Cariboo Plateau southeast through the Thompson Country to Kamloops and the Shuswap Country, and spans the Selkirk Mountains and Big Bend of the Columbia River to include the northern part of the Columbia Valley region. The country's traditional territory covers approximately 145,000 square kilometres.[4] They relied heavily on hunting, trading and fishing to support their communities.[4] The Secwepemc are perhaps the most numerous of the Interior Salish peoples of British Columbia if based upon the numbers who speak their language.[5]

Their traditional language is Shuswap, known as Secwepemctsín ({{IPA-sal|ʃəxwəpməxtˈʃin}}), which is currently spoken by over 1,600 people.[5] Secwepemctsín is being revitalized by the efforts of organizations such as Chief Atahm School, which offers an immersion program until the ninth grade. In addition, Simon Fraser University now offers a University program teaching students about Secwepemc language as well as culture.[6] The program hopes to focus on learning the language, culture, and traditions of the Secwepemc people.[6]

The Secwepemc have always stressed the importance of recognizing their title to the land. In 1910, the Secwepemc Chiefs addressed a memorial to Prime Minister Laurier. The memorial laid out the grievances of the Secwepemc stemming from the previous 50 years of settlement. The Secwepmc people have created a number of organizations, institutions, and initiatives including the Shuswap Nation Tribal Council and Secwepemc Cultural Education Society.[4]

Traditional Shuswap tribal divisions and bands

  1. Setlemuk (Setlomuk, Sétlhemx) or Cañon Division, or Canyon Shuswap, west of the Fraser, from about Churn Creek to beyond Riske Creek. Subdivisions: Riskie Creek, North Canyon, South Canyon, Chilcotin Mouth.&91;7&93;&91;8&93; The smallpox epidemic of 1862 almost wiped out the Canyon Shuswap. The surviving Canyon Shuswaps joined with the Alkali Lake band (Esketemc).
  2. Skstellnemuk (Sxstélenemx) or Shuswap Lake Division, on the Upper South Thompson, Shuswap Lake, and Spallumcheen River. Subdivisions: South Thompson, Adams Lake (now Sexqeltqin), Shuswap Lake, Spallumcheen, Arrow Lake.&91;7&93; Now known as the Neskonlith Indian Band.
  3. Stietamuk (Styétemx, “interior people”) or Lake Division, the interior of the plateau between Fraser and North Thompson Rivers. Subdivisions: Lake la Hache, Green Timber, and Canim Lake (Tsq'escen').&91;7&93; Only the last survived the diseases of the 1800s, absorbing the surviving members of the Green Timber band. The few survivors of the Lac La Hache band merged with the Williams Lake Band (T’exelcemc)
  4. Stkamlulepsemuk or Kamloops Division, the people of Kamloops and Savona. Subdivisions: Savona or Deadman's Creek, Kamloops (Stkamluleps).&91;7&93;
  5. Stlemhulehamuk or Fraser River Division, in the valley of Fraser River from High Bar to Soda Creek, including the people of Clinton. Subdivisions: Soda Creek, Buckskin Creek, Williams Lake (T'exelc) or Sugar Cane, Alkali Lake (Esketemc), Dog Creek, Canoe Creek, Empire Valley, Big Bar, High Bar (Llenlleney'ten), Clinton.&91;7&93;
  6. Tekkakalt (Tqéqeltkemx) or North Thompson Division, people of the North Thompson region. Subdivisions: Upper North Thompson, Lower North Thompson, Kinbaskets.&91;7&93; The Kinbaskets or Kenpésqt are an offshoot of the Upper North Thompson and Shuswap Lake division, and are now called the Shuswap band Kenpesq't
  7. Zaktcinemuk (Sexcinemx) or Bonaparte Division, in the valley of the Bonaparte River to near Ashcroft on the main Thompson, Cache Creek, Loon Lake, the lower part of Hat Creek, through Marble Canyon to Pavilion, and on both sides of Fraser River near that point. Subdivisions: Pavilion (Ts'kw'aylaxw First Nation), Bonaparte River (now Stuctwesecm, “people of Stuctuws.”), and Main Thompson (Snekwaˀetkwemx), who became extinct during the late 19th cent.&91;7&93;

Notable Secwepemc people

  • Darrell Dennis, comedian, actor, screenwriter and radio personality
  • George Manuel, first president of the World Council of Indigenous Peoples
  • Vera Manuel, poet and playwright
  • Mary Thomas, Teacher and Elder
  • Arthur Manuel, leader and activist
  • Grace Dove, actress and television host
  • Tania Willard, curator/ artist
  • Kanahus Manuel, activist
  • Bev Sellars, Writer/Activist

See also

  • Shuswap Nation Tribal Council
  • Northern Shuswap Tribal Council
  • Secwepemc Museum and Heritage Park
  • Secwepemc Culture Education Society
  • Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 12[9]
  • [https://books.google.ca/books?id=AoEFAAAAQAAJ Ross, Alexander (1849). Adventures of the first settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River: being a narrative of the expedition fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to establish the "Pacific Fur Company" ; with an account of some Indian tribes on the coast of the Pacific. Smith, Elder and Co.]
  • [https://archive.org/details/cihm_40228/ Ross, Alexander (1855). The Fur Hunters of the Far West, vol. 1. Smith, Elder and Co]
  • [https://books.google.ca/books?id=_5ssAAAAYAAJ Dawson, George M. (1891). Notes on the Shuswap People of British Columbia][10]
  • Teit, James (1900). "The Thompson Indians of British Columbia" in Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition; Vol. I, Pt. IV[11]
  • Smith, Harlan I. (1900). "Archaeology of the Thompson River Region" in Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition; Vol. I, Pt. VI[12]
  • Teit, James (1909). "The Shuswap" in Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition; Vol. II, Pt. VII[13]
  • Teit, James (1912). "The Mythology of the Thompson Indians" in Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition; Vol. VIII, Pt. II[14]

Notes

1. ^{{cite web |title=Data Tables, 2016 Census |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110522&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=122&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |publisher=Statistics Canada |accessdate=26 September 2018}}
2. ^The "c"s are pronounced as "h"s.
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bced.gov.bc.ca/abed/map.htm |title=First Nations Peoples of British Columbia |website=Government of British Columbia – Ministry of Education |accessdate=2013-05-14}}
4. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=http://Secwepemc.org|title=Secwepemc Cultural Education Society|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981111184702/http://www.secwepemc.org/|archive-date=1998-11-11|dead-url=yes|access-date=2017-11-02}}
5. ^1 Statistics Canada: 2006 Census {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016163022/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89189&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=705&Temporal=2006&Theme=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |date=2013-10-16 }}
6. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Ignace|first=Ron|date=2013|title=Partners in Success: The Simon Fraser University and Secwepemc First Nations Studies Program|url=|journal=Journal of University Continuing Education|volume=2|pages=28|via=}}
7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Shuswap
8. ^[https://books.google.hr/books?id=SUEqUylPDJEC&pg=PA205&lpg=PA205&dq=Shuswap+Lake+Division&source=bl&ots=1WQs1kQSNj&sig=QNHqHhQSHgsLqqKCy4VZ7Mgv00g&hl=en&ei=QruMTMj2J8TDswaZ0a3TAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Shuswap%20Lake%20Division&f=false Handbook of North American Indians, V. 12, Plateau, Opseg 5]
9. ^{{cite encyclopedia | last = Ignace | first = Marianne Boelscher | editor-last = Walker Jr. | editor-first = Deward E. | encyclopedia = | title = Handbook of North American Indians | trans-title = Shuswap | url = https://books.google.ca/books?id=SUEqUylPDJEC | access-date = | language = | edition = | date = | year = 1998 | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | series = | volume = 12 | location = Washington | id = | isbn = 0-16-049514-8 | oclc = | doi = | pages = 203–219 | quote = | ref = }}
10. ^{{cite book |last= Dawson|first=George Mercer |date= 1891|title=Notes on the Shuswap People of British Columbia |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=_5ssAAAAYAAJ |location= |publisher= |page=16 |isbn= |author-link=George Mercer Dawson}}
11. ^{{cite encyclopedia |last=Teit |first=James A. |author-link=James Teit |editor-last= Boas|editor-first=Franz |editor-link=Franz Boas |encyclopedia=Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition |title=The Thompson Indians of British Columbia |trans-title= |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/13 |access-date= |language= |edition= |date= |year=1900 |publisher=G.E. Stechert & Co |series= |volume=Vol. I, Part IV |location=New York |id= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |pages= |quote= |ref=}}
12. ^{{cite encyclopedia |last=Smith |first=Harlan I. |author-link= |editor-last=Boas |editor-first=Franz |editor-link=Franz Boas |encyclopedia=Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition |title=Archaeology of the Thompson River Region |trans-title= |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/18 |access-date= |language= |edition= |date= |year=1900 |publisher=G.E. Stechert & Co |series= |volume=Vol. I, Part VI |location=New York |id= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |pages= |quote= |ref=}}
13. ^{{cite encyclopedia |last=Teit |first=James A. |author-link=James Teit |editor-last=Boas |editor-first=Franz |editor-link=Franz Boas |encyclopedia=Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition |title=The Shuswap |trans-title= |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/38 |access-date= |language= |edition= |date= |year=1909 |publisher=G.E. Stechert & Co |series= |volume=Vol. II, Part VII |location=New York |id= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |pages=471 |quote= |ref=}}
14. ^{{cite encyclopedia |last=Teit |first=James A. |author-link=James Teit |editor-last=Boas |editor-first=Franz |editor-link=Franz Boas |encyclopedia=Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History: Publications of Jesup North Pacific Expedition |title=The Mythology of the Thompson Indians |trans-title= |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/37 |access-date= |language= |edition= |date= |year=1912 |publisher=G.E. Stechert & Co |series= |volume=Vol. VIII, Part II |location=New York |id= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |pages= |quote= |ref=}}

External links

  • Secwepemculecw - Land of the Shuswap
  • Cultural Education Society
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20071222060009/http://www.chiefatahm.com/ Chief Atahm Immersion School]
  • Spirit Map- language history and culture of the Secwepemc
  • {{CathEncy|wstitle=Shuswap Indians}}
  • Notes on the Shuswap People of British Columbia, s.L.: S.n., 1980, George M. Dawson
{{Secwepemc First Nations}}

2 : Secwepemc|Interior Salish
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