| 词条 | Self-denial |
| 释义 |
Self-denial (related but different from self-abnegation[1] or self-sacrifice) is an act of letting go of the self as with altruistic abstinence – the willingness to forgo personal pleasures or undergo personal trials in the pursuit of the increased good of another.[2] Various religions and cultures take differing views of self-denial, some considering it a positive trait and others considering it a negative one. According to some Protestants, self-denial is considered a superhuman virtue only obtainable through Jesus.[3] Some critics of self-denial suggest that self-denial can lead to self-hatred.[4]{{better source|date=May 2018}} Positive effectsThere is evidence brief periods of fasting, a denial of food, can be beneficial to health in certain situations.[5][6] Self-denial is sometimes related to inhibitory control and emotional self-regulation, the positives of which are dealt with in those articles.[7] As people grow accustomed to material goods they often experience hedonic adaptation, whereby they get used to the finer things and are less inclined to savor daily pleasures. Scarcity can lead people to focus on enjoying an experience more deeply, which increases happiness.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}} Negative effectsOthers argue self-denial involves avoidance and holding back of happiness and pleasurable experiences from oneself that is only damaging to other people.[8] Some argue it is a form of micro-suicide because it is threatening to an individual's physical health, emotional well-being, or personal goals.[9] Religion and self-denialSelf-denial can constitute an important element of religious practice in various belief systems. An exemplification is the self-denial advocated by several Christian confessions where it is believed to be a means of reaching happiness and a deeper religious understanding, sometimes described as 'becoming a true follower of Christ'. The foundation of self-denial in the Christian context is based the recognition of a higher God-given will, which the Christian practicer choose to adhere to, and prioritize over his or her own will or desires. This can in daily life be expressed by renunciation of certain physically pleasureable, yet from a religious stand-point inappropriate activities, sometimes referred to as 'desires of the flesh', which e.g. could entail certain sexual practices and over-indulgant eating or drinking. In the Christian faith Jesus is often mentioned as a positive example of self-denial, both in relation to the deeds performed during his life, as well as the sacrifice attributed to his death. Based on genderSelf-denial in women is linked to cultural definitions of femininity which women have internalized to such an extent that self-abnegation had become basic to women's experience.[10] Judith Plaskow observed this and argued that it was more linked to women than men because they were to follow this Christian virtue because of their detriment. Women are seen in a domestic perspective and self-denial puts all things women were once exposed to the side so they can be committed to their marriage and family. The way women are portrayed has not changed much throughout the years because the patriarchal perspective continues to be present. Through self-denial women have to sacrifice their interests and goals to satisfy not only family, but many times social norms. They are not allowed to be independent but more so are trapped to be the individual they are expected to be. However, in men, this is different. Masculinity is linked to self-denial when put in a male perspective. Men's self-denial is both a source of men's existential alienation and part of the infrastructure of men's power.[11] When men go through self-denial it is interpreted as self-improvement as put by the book Manliness in which they emphasize self-denial as a comparison to the image of the goal of Superman in "What does not kill me makes me stronger".[12]However, the psychological differences between men and women are often disputed among researchers.[13] See also
References1. ^{{Cite book|title=Seasons of our Joy: A Modern Guide to the Jewish Holidays|author=Arthur I. Waskow|page=31|location=Boston|publisher=Beacon Press|date=1991|isbn=0-8070-3611-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tvYdiwmnDhAC|accessdate=September 2, 2011}} 2. ^{{Cite book|title=Subjectivity & Truth: Foucault, Education, and the Culture of Self|author=Tina Besley|author2=Michael A. Peters |location=New York|publisher=Peter Lang|date=2007|isbn=0-8204-8195-5|page=39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-whoRdntzrYC|accessdate=September 2, 2011}} 3. ^{{Cite book|title=Heroism and the Christian Life: Reclaiming Excellence|author=Brian Stewart Hook|author2=Russell R. Reno |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|date=2000|page=2|location=Louisville, Kentucky|isbn=0-664-25812-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia5xqaIW_YUC|accessdate=September 2, 2011}} 4. ^{{Cite book|title=The Transformation of German Jewry, 1780-1840|author=David Jan Sorkin|publisher=Wayne State University Press|date=1999|isbn=0-8143-2828-8|location=Detroit|page=4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=da22J8ZSaPkC|accessdate=September 2, 2011}} 5. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Fond G, Macgregor A, Leboyer M, Michalsen A |title=Fasting in mood disorders: neurobiology and effectiveness. A review of the literature |journal=Psychiatry Res |volume=209 |issue=3 |pages=253–8 |year=2013 |pmid=23332541 |doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2012.12.018 |type=Review}} 6. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/10878625/Fasting-for-three-days-can-regenerate-entire-immune-system-study-finds.html |first=Sarah |last=Knapton |website=Telegraph.co.uk |title=Fasting for three days can regenerate entire immune system, study finds |date=5 June 2014}} 7. ^{{cite book|author1=Robin M. Kowalski|author2=Mark R. Leary|title=The Interface of Social and Clinical Psychology: Key Readings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qkEdaQ4heGgC&pg=PA55|year=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-84169-087-2|pages=55 and 60}} 8. ^{{Cite book|title=Ethics of Interpersonal Relationships|author=Robert W. Firestone|author2=Joyce Catlett |location=Great Britain|publisher=Karnac Books|date=2009|isbn=978-1-85575-605-2|page=210|url=http://mccclib.mccc.edu:2094/lib/mccc/reader.action?docID=10419946#}} 9. ^{{Cite book|title=Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention of Suicidal Behavior|author=Robert I. Yufit|author2=David Lester |location=New Jersey|publisher=Wiley|date=2005|isbn=978-0-471-27264-9|page=210|url=http://mccclib.mccc.edu:2094/lib/mccc/reader.action?docID=10114134}} 10. ^{{Cite book|title=Self Love and Christian Ethics|author=Darlene Fozard Weaver|location=New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2002|isbn=978-0-521-52097-3|page=79|url=http://mccclib.mccc.edu:2094/lib/mccc/reader.action?docID=10070261#}} 11. ^{{Cite book|title=Recreating Sexual Politics(Routledge Revivals):Men, Feminism, and Politics|author=Victor Seidler|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|date=1991|isbn=978-0-415-57289-7|page=37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uB-MAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37&dq=why+women+self-denial&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp-J_3qrnJAhUDOD4KHcRuCTcQ6AEIJzAC#v=onepage&q=why%20women%20self-denial&f=false}} 12. ^{{Cite book|title=Manliness|author=Harvey C. Mansfield|location=New York|publisher=Yale University Press|date=2006|isbn=978-0-300-10664-0|page=115|url=http://mccclib.mccc.edu:2094/lib/mccc/reader.action?docID=10169963#}} 13. ^{{Cite book|title=Gender similarities in the relationship between psychological aspects of disordered eating and self-silencing|author=Locker, T. K., Heesacker, M., & Baker, J. O.|location=Washington DC|publisher=American Psychological Association|date=January 2012|url=http://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fa0021905}} 3 : Altruism|Sacrifice|Self |
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