“Semde”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Semde ({{bo|t=སེམས་སྡེ|w=sems sde}}; Sanskrit: cittavarga) translated as "mind division", "mind class" or "mind series" is the name of one of three scriptural and lineage divisions within Atiyoga, Dzogchen or the Great Perfection which is itself the pinnacle of the ninefold division of practice according to the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism.

Semde emphasizes the clarity (gsal-ba) or the innate awareness (rig-pa) aspect of the Natural State.

Penor Rinpoche^[1] states that due to the different approaches of various Dzogchen lineages, three sub-schools have developed of which semde is one. The other two divisions or schools are Longde (Space Series) and Menngagde (Oral Instruction Series). The Mind School is attributed to Sri Singha and Vairotsana's lineage

Background

These three divisions were introduced by the Buddhist scholar Manjushrimitra. As Great Perfection texts, the texts of all three divisions are concerned with the basic primordial state, the nature of mind-itself (which is contrasted with normal conscious mind). They are related to the 'Three statements' of Prahevajra.

It is important to note that the three series do not represent different schools of Dzogchen practice as much as different approaches to the same goal, that being the basic, natural, and primordial state. As is common throughout much Buddhist literature, Tibetan Buddhism in particular, gradations in the faculties of practitioners are also ascribed to the three divisions, they being seen as appropriate for practitioners of low, middling, and high faculties, respectively.

Distinguishing Features of the Mind Division

Texts of the Mind Division emphasize that the totality of phenomena that present themselves to us are nothing more than apparitions or projections of the mind. As the Mind Division is related to the first statement of Prahevajra, Semde texts emphasize the direct introduction to the natural state of mind, including explanations of this state and methods for recognizing it.

Texts of the Mind Division

The mind class (semde) of Dzogchen was also said to comprise eighteen tantras, although the formulation eventually came to include slightly more. Tantras belonging to the Mind Division include:

Of these, the first five are the "Five Earlier Translated Tantras", translated by Vairotsana. The next thirteen were translated primarily by Vimalamitra. Of the remaining three, the Kunjed Gyalpo is taken to be the primary or root tantra of the Mind Series.

Four Yogas of Semde

One feature of the Semde system is four yogas or samatha^[4] ({{bo|w=rnal ’byor}}), called "calm abiding," ({{bo|w=zhi gnas}}), vipassanā ({{bo|w=lhag mthong}}), "unbounded wholeness" (Sanskrit: advaya,^[5]), and "spontaneous presence" (Sanskrit: anābhoga or nirābhoga,^[6] {{bo|w=lhun grub}}). These parallel the Four Yogas of Mahamudra.

Notes

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bhutanvisit.com/Buddhism/nyingmapa.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-02-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008152309/http://www.bhutanvisit.com/Buddhism/nyingmapa.html |archivedate=2007-10-08 |df= }}
2. ^{{cite web|last=Germano|first= David |year=2005|title= The Funerary Transformation of the Great Perfection (Rdzogs chen) JIATS, no. 1 (October 2005), page 12 |url=http://www.thdl.org/collections/journal/jiats/index.php?doc=germano01.xml&s=d0e6170|accessdate= January 15, 2008}}
3. ^Schmidt, Erik Hein, and Marcia Binder, ed. 1993. The Lotus-Born: The Life Story of Padmasambhava. Composed by Yeshe Tsogyal, revealed by Nyang Ral Nyima Öser?, foreword' by Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche, clarification by Tsele Natsok Rangdröl. Translated from Tibetan by Erik Pema Kunsang. 1st edition, Shambhala Books. Reprint: Rangjung Yeshe Publications, Boudhanath. 1998. {{ISBN|962-7341-55-X}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dharmakirti.org/dc_curriculum.htm|title=Dharmakirti International, Dharmakirti College|publisher=dharmakirti.org}}
5. ^Unbounded Wholeness by Anne C. Klein, Tenzin Wangyal. {{ISBN|0-19-517849-1}} pg 349)
6. ^Unbounded Wholeness by Anne C. Klein, Tenzin Wangyal. {{ISBN|0-19-517849-1}} pg 357, 359

References

"The Marvelous Primordial State: A Fundamental Scripture of Dzogchen Semde, The Mejung Tantra", Elio Guarisco, Adriano Clemente, Jim Valby and Chögyal Namkhai Norbu, Shang Shung Publications, Arcidosso, Italy, 2013, {{ISBN|978-88-7834-129-6}}

"The Practice of Dzogchen", Tulku Thondup, Harold Talbott editors, Snow Lion Publications, Ithaca NY, 1989. {{ISBN|1-55939-054-9}}

"The Supreme Source: The Fundamental Tantra of the Dzogchen Semde, Kunjed Gyalpo", Namkhai Norbu and Adriano Clemente, Snow Lion Publications, Ithaca NY, 1999, {{ISBN|1-55939-120-0}}