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词条 Sempervivum tectorum
释义

  1. Description

  2. Names

  3. Cultivation

  4. Folklore and herbalism

  5. References

{{Italic title}}{{taxobox
|name = Common houseleek
|image = Sempervivum tectorum Almindelig Husløg.jpg
|regnum = Plantae
|unranked_divisio = Angiosperms
|unranked_classis = Eudicots
|unranked_ordo = Core eudicots
|ordo = Saxifragales
|familia = Crassulaceae
|genus = Sempervivum
|species = S. tectorum
|binomial = Sempervivum tectorum
|binomial_authority = L.
}}

Sempervivum tectorum (common houseleek)[1] is a species of flowering plant in the family Crassulaceae, native to the mountains of southern Europe, cultivated in the whole of Europe for its appearance and a Roman tradition claiming that it protects buildings against lightning strikes.

Description

Growing to {{convert|15|cm|0|abbr=on}} tall by {{convert|50|cm|0|abbr=on}} broad, it is a rosette-forming succulent evergreen perennial, spreading by offsets. It has grey-green, tufted, sessile leaves, {{convert|4|-|10|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter, which are often suffused with rose-red. In summer it bears clusters of reddish-purple flowers, in multiples of 8-16, on hairy erect flat-topped stems.[2][3][3][4] The species is highly variable, in part because hundreds of cultivars have been propagated, sold, and traded for nearly 200 years.[4]

Sempervivum tectorum was described in 1753 by Linnaeus, who noted that its leaves are ciliate, that is, fringed with hairs.[5]

Names

This plant has been known to humans for thousands of years, and has attracted many common names and traditions. In addition to common houseleek, names include variations of the following:-

  • bullock's beard      
  • devil's beard
  • earwort
  • fuet
  • healing blade
  • homewort
  • imbroke
  • Jove's beard
  • Jupiter's eye
  • poor Jan's leaf
  • red-leaved houseleek      
  • roof foil
  • roof houseleek
  • St. George's Beard[8]
  • St. Patrick's cabbage
  • sengreen
  • Thor's beard
  • thunderplant
  • Welcome-home-husband-though-never-so-drunk[6]—a name it sometimes shares with Sedum acre.[7]
  • hen and chicks - a name shared with several other plants[8]

The specific epithet tectorum means "of house roofs", referring to a traditional location for these plants.[9]

Cultivation

S. tectorum is one of several houseleek species to be cultivated. It is valued as groundcover for hot, dry places. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[10][11]

Folklore and herbalism

The plant has been traditionally thought to protect against thunderstorms, and grown on house roofs for that reason,[12] which is why it is called House Leek.[8] Many of its popular names in different languages reflect an association with the Roman thunder-god Jupiter, notably the Latin barba Jovis (Jupiter's beard), referred to in the Floridus traditionally attributed to Aemilius Macer,[13] and its French derivative joubarbe, which has in turn given rise to jubard and jo-barb in English; or with the Norse thunder-god Thor as in German Donnerbart.[14] It is also called simply thunder-plant.[15] Anglo-Saxon þunorwyrt[16][17] may have either meaning. However, the association with Jupiter has also been derived from a resemblance between the flowers and the god's beard; in modern times, it has also been called St. George's beard.[18]

Other common names, such as Anglo-Saxon singrēne, Modern English sigrim, sil-green, etc. and aye-green,[15][19] refer to its longevity. William Fernie tells a tale in support of this:

{{quote |History relates that a botanist tried hard for eighteen months to dry a plant of the House Leek for his herbarium, but failed in this object. He afterwards restored it to its first site when it grew again as if nothing had interfered with its ordinary life.[18]}}

It has been believed to protect more generally against decay and against witchcraft.[18] Jacob Grimm quotes a Provençal troubadour: "e daquel erba tenon pro li vilan sobra lur maiso" — "and that plant they keep against evil atop their house."[20] In his Capitulare de villis vel curtis imperii, Charlemagne recommended it be grown on top of houses.[21] In some places, S. tectorum is still traditionally grown on the roofs of houses.[22][23]

The juice has been used in herbal medicine as an astringent and treatment for skin and eye diseases, including by Galen and Dioscorides, to ease inflammation and, mixed with honey, to treat thrush; however, large doses have an emetic effect.[24] Pliny also mentions it, and Marcellus Empiricus listed it as a component in external treatments for contusions, nervous disorders, intestinal problems and abdominal pain, and mixed with honey, as part of the antidotum Hadriani (Hadrian's antidote), a broad-spectrum palliative for internal complaints.[25]

Romans grew the plant in containers in front of windows and associated it with love medicine.[18]

{{clear}}

References

1. ^{{cite web|title= Sempervivum tectorum L. common houseleek|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SETE5|publisher=USDA|accessdate=7 July 2011}}
2. ^{{cite book |editor-last=Brickell |editor-first=Christopher |title=The Royal Horticultural Society A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants |edition=3rd |year=2008 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |location=London |isbn=1405332964|pages=1136}}
3. ^{{citation | title = Gen. Pl | edition = 5 | page = 209 | year = 1754 | url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=130076| accessdate = 6 July 2011}}
4. ^1 {{cite journal| contribution = Sempervivum tectorum | last = Linnaeus | title = Species Plantarum | volume = 1 | page = 464 | year = 1753 |url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=220012387 | publisher = Flora of North America| accessdate = 6 July 2011}}
5. ^1 {{citation |last=Linnæus |first=Carl von|title=Species plantarum|year=1753|publisher= Holmiae|volume= 1|page =464| contribution = Sempervivum | url= http://www.botanicus.org/page/358483 |accessdate=6 July 2011}}
6. ^{{cite book|last=Watts|first=Donald|title= Dictionary of Plant Lore|year= 2007|publisher= Elsevier | isbn= 978-0-12-374086-1| pages= 202|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WAagnZNb0cAC}}
7. ^{{cite web|last= Fenton |first=James|title=Clare Was Right|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2005/jun/23/clare-was-right/ |publisher=NY Review of Books|accessdate=7 July 2011}}
8. ^{{cite web | title=Hens and Chicks | author=David Beaulieu | url=http://landscaping.about.com/od/plantsforsunnydryareas/p/hens_and_chicks.htm}}
9. ^{{cite book|last=Harrison|first=Lorraine|title=RHS Latin for gardeners|year=2012|publisher=Mitchell Beazley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=9781845337315|pages=224}}
10. ^{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Sempervivum tectorum|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1825|accessdate=3 June 2013}}
11. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 96 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | accessdate = 9 November 2018}}
12. ^{{citation | contribution = Hamƿyɼꞇ | title = Leechdoms, Wortcunning, and Starcraft of Early England: Being a Collection of Documents, for the most part never before printed, illustrating the History of Science in this Country Before the Norman Conquest | first = Oswald | last = Cockayne | series = Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores or Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland During the Middle Ages [The Rolls Series] | number = 35 | volume = 3 | place = London | publisher = Longman | year = 1866 | page = 329}}
13. ^In {{citation | last = Fernie | page = 189 | quote = Quem sempervivam dicunt quoniam viret omni Tempore—'Barba Jovis' vulgari more vocatur" – "Which they call semperviva because it will live for all time—'beard of Jove' it is called by vulgar custom"}}.
14. ^{{citation | authorlink = Jacob Grimm | first = Jacob | last = Grimm | others = tr. James Steven Stallybrass | title = Teutonic Mythology | volume = 1 | place = London | publisher = Bell | year = 1882 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=neQtAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA183&dq=Grimm+Donnerbart&hl=en&ei=qYASTuKJGZCasAO81eSsDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false | page = 183}}; however, {{citation | title = Teutonic Mythology | last = Grimm | volume = 4 | year = 1883 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xMAoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1672&dq=Grimm+Donner-bart&hl=en&ei=yLgTTvnfD-bWiALMzuXKDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=donner-bart&f=false | page = 1672}} states that Donner-bart is sedum telephium.
15. ^1 {{citation | first1 = James | last1 = Britten | first2 = Robert | last2 = Holland | title = A Dictionary of English Plant-Names, English Dialect Society | place = London | publisher = Trübner | year = 1878 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nVUJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA271&dq=Cockayne+sempervivum&hl=en&ei=95kSTq3DO4y6sAOe1s2iDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=sempervivum%20tectorum&f=false | page = 610 and individual listings}}.
16. ^{{citation | title = Teutonic Mythology | last = Grimm | volume = 4 | year = 1883 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xMAoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1672&dq=Grimm+Donner-bart&hl=en&ei=yLgTTvnfD-bWiALMzuXKDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=house-leek%20planted%20on%20cottage%20roofs&f=false | page = 1346}}.
17. ^{{citation | url = http://bosworth.ff.cuni.cz/032243 | contribution = þunor-wyrt | title = An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: Based on the Manuscript Collection of the late Joseph Bosworth | editor-first = T. Northcote | editor-last = Toller | place = Oxford | publisher = Oxford University | origyear = 1898 | year = 1973}}, glossing it as "Thunder-plant".
18. ^1 2 3 4 5 William Thomas Fernie, Herbal Simples Approved for Modern Uses of Cure, 3rd enlarged ed. Bristol: Wright, 1914, repr. Teddington: Echo Library, 2008, {{ISBN|978-1-4068-7552-2}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=JGvHMBqGh8AC&pg=PA189&dq=%22Quem+sempervivam+dicunt+quoniam+viret+omni+Tempore--%27Barba+Jovis%27+vulgari+more+vocatur,+Esse+refert+similem+predictoe+Plinius+istam%22&hl=en&ei=_nASToqbOI72swOooZCoDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 189].
19. ^{{citation | last = Cockayne | page = 344}}, glosses sinȝrene simply as "sedum"; {{citation | url = http://bosworth.ff.cuni.cz/finder/3/singrene | contribution = sin-gréne | last = Bosworth-Toller }}, as sempervivum tectorum but notes it is also used of other plants.
20. ^Grimm, volume 1, [https://books.google.com/books?id=neQtAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA183&dq=Grimm+troubadour+Raynouard&hl=en&ei=bMsTTujsBufkiALJ9MHLDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=troubadour%2C%20quoted%20by%20Raynouard&f=false p. 183, footnote 3].
21. ^{{citation | quote = Et ille hortulanus habeat super domum suam Iovis barbam | url = http://www.le.ac.uk/hi/polyptyques/capitulare/latin.html | language = Latin | title = The Capitulare de Villis, Carolingian Polyptiques | publisher = University of Leicester | date = January 2008 | accessdate = 5 July 2011}} — {{citation | quote = And the gardener shall have house-leeks growing on his house. | url = http://www.le.ac.uk/hi/polyptyques/capitulare/trans.html#70 | title = English}}; however, "Barba Iovis", in August Friedrich von Pauly and Georg Wissowa, Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, volume 2, rev. ed. Stuttgart: Metzler, 1896, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wy9oAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2818&dq=Macer+Floridus+sempervivam&hl=en&ei=lc4TTtKtNOHmiAKk2YnvDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 2818] {{de icon}} says he recommended including it in the garden as a domestic remedy.
22. ^{{cite web|title=The Sempervivum Page Linnaeus (1757)|url=http://www.succulent-plant.com/families/crassulaceae/sempervivum.html|publisher=Richard J. Hodgkiss|accessdate=7 July 2011}}
23. ^{{cite web|title=Pale Green Sempervivum tectorum Hen & Chicks|url=http://www.paghat.com/semptectorum.html|publisher=Paghat|quote=In Slavic nations, the tradition of roof-top houseleeks is still practiced. |accessdate=7 July 2011}}
24. ^Fernie, pp. 189–90.
25. ^Pauly-Wissowa.
{{Taxonbar|from=Q161724}}

3 : Sempervivum|Garden plants|Plants described in 1753
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