“Senna (plant)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The genus Senna has had a complex taxonomic history.^[9] What is now known as Senna was included by Linnaeus in his concept of Cassia in Species Plantarum in 1753.^[10] Philip Miller segregated Senna from Cassia in 1754 in the fourth edition of The Gardeners Dictionary.^[11] Until 1982, many authors, following Linnaeus, did not recognize Senna and Chamaecrista, but included them in a broadly circumscribed Cassia sensu lato. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA have shown that Chamaecrista, Cassia, and Senna are all monophyletic, but the relationships between these three genera have not been resolved.^[3] They are therefore shown in phylogenetic trees as a tritomy.

Ecology

The caterpillars of many Lepidoptera species feed on Senna plants. The black witch (Ascalapha odorata), two-barred flasher (Astraptes fulgerator), common emigrant (Catopsilia pomona), and mottled emigrant (C. pyranthe) have all been recorded on candle bush (S. alata), for example.

Uses

Some Senna species are used as ornamental plants in landscaping. The species is adapted to many climate types.

Laxative

Historically, Egyptian senna (S. alexandrina) was used as a laxative in the form of senna pods, or as herbal tea made from the leaves.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} Senna is considered to be a bowel stimulant on the myenteric plexus of the colon to induce peristaltic contractions and decrease water absorption from inside the colon, effects that would provide relief from constipation.^[13]

Senna or its extracted sennosides, alone or in combination with sorbitol or lactulose, have been evaluated in systematic reviews and Cochrane reviews for treatment of constipation in children and the elderly. Some studies showed limited evidence for efficacy,^[14]^[15]^[16] whereas others indicated the study designs were too weak to be certain of senna having utility as a laxative.^[13]^[17]^[18]

Fossil record

A fossil seed pod of Senna sp. from the middle Eocene epoch has been described from the Rancho clay pit in Henry County, Tennessee (United States).^[19]

Species gallery

List of species

Species names with uncertain taxonomic status

References

1. ^{{cite book | author =Irwin HS, Barneby RC | date = 1982 | title = The American Cassiinae: A synoptical revision of Leguminosae tribe Cassieae subtribe Casiinae in the New World, Part 1 | url = http://antbase.org/ants/publications/nybg/Cassiinae%20pt%201%20NY-Botanical_gardens_Vol.%2035_1%20-%20Copy.pdf | location = Bronx, N.Y. | publisher = New York Botanical Garden | id = b1010840 | oclc = 8553234 }}
2. ^{{cite journal | author = The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG) | year = 2017 | title = A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny | journal = Taxon | volume = 66 | issue = 1 | pages = 44–77 | url = http://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/iapt/tax/2017/00000066/00000001/art00004 | doi = 10.12705/661.3}}
3. ^¹²³{{Cite journal | doi = 10.3732/ajb.93.2.288 | title = Phylogenetic relationships within Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae) based on three chloroplast DNA regions: patterns in the evolution of floral symmetry and extrafloral nectaries | year = 2006 | author = Marazzi, B.| journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 93 | issue = 2 | pages = 288–303 |display-authors=etal | pmid=21646190}}
4. ^Randell, B. R. and B. A. Barlow. 1998. Senna. pp 89-138. In: A. S. George (executive editor). Flora of Australia volume 12. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra, Australia.
5. ^Huxley, A., et al. (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. The Macmillan Press, Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. {{ISBN|978-0-333-47494-5}} (set).
6. ^Senna. Flora of China.
7. ^¹²Lewis, G., et al. 2005. Legumes of the World. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Richmond, England. {{ISBN|978-1-900347-80-8}}
8. ^{{cite journal | author = Irwin H. S., Barneby R. C. | year = 1982 | title = The American Cassiinae: A synoptical revision of Leguminosae tribe Cassieae subtribe Cassiinae in the New World | url = | journal = Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden | volume = 35 | issue = | pages = 1–119 }}
9. ^Singh, V. 2001. Monograph on the Indian Subtribe Cassiinae. Scientific Publishers (India): Jodhpur, India.
10. ^Linnaeus, C. 1753. Cassia. page 376. In: Species Plantarum volume 1. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13829#388 Cassia (including Senna)] In:[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358106#1 Species Plantarum volume 1] At: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org Biodiversity Heritage Library]
11. ^Miller, P. 1754. The Gardeners Dictionary, Abridged 4th edition.
12. ^{{cite journal | author = Teangpook C. |display-authors=etal | year = 2011 | title = Production and nutrition of Khi Lek (Siamese cassia) curry from central Thailand | url = http://kasetsartjournal.ku.ac.th/kuj_files/2011/A1108161121579843.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Kasetsart. J. (Nat. Sci.) | volume = 45 | issue = | pages = 510–20 }}
13. ^¹{{cite journal|pmid=21737769|year=2011|author1=Leung|first1=L|title=Chronic constipation: An evidence-based review|journal=The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine|volume=24|issue=4|pages=436–51|last2=Riutta|first2=T|last3=Kotecha|first3=J|last4=Rosser|first4=W|doi=10.3122/jabfm.2011.04.100272|url=http://www.jabfm.org/content/24/4/436.long}}
14. ^{{cite journal|pmc=3217654|year=2010|author1=Mueller-Lissner|first1=S. A.|title=Constipation in adults|journal=BMJ Clinical Evidence|volume=2010|pages=0413|last2=Wald|first2=A|pmid=21418672}}
15. ^{{cite journal|pmid=26757467|year=2016|author1=Wald|first1=A|title=Constipation: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment|journal=JAMA|volume=315|issue=2|pages=185–91|doi=10.1001/jama.2015.16994}}
16. ^{{cite journal|pmc=4848256|year=2016|author1=Izzy|first1=M|title=Review of efficacy and safety of laxatives use in geriatrics|journal=World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics|volume=7|issue=2|pages=334–342|last2=Malieckal|first2=A|last3=Little|first3=E|last4=Anand|first4=S|doi=10.4292/wjgpt.v7.i2.334|pmid=27158549}}
17. ^{{cite journal|pmid=25535635|year=2014|title=Treatments for Constipation: A Review of Systematic Reviews|journal=Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health|author=CADTH Rapid Response Reports|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0071338/}}
18. ^{{cite journal|pmid=27531591|year=2016|author1=Gordon|first1=M|title=Osmotic and stimulant laxatives for the management of childhood constipation|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=8|pages=CD009118|last2=MacDonald|first2=J. K.|last3=Parker|first3=C. E.|last4=Akobeng|first4=A. K.|last5=Thomas|first5=A. G.|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009118.pub3}}
19. ^The Fossil History of Leguminosae from the Eocene of Southeastern North America by Patrick S. Herendeen, Advances in Legume Systematics: Part 4, The Fossil Record, Ed. P. S. Herendeen & Dilcher, 1992, The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, {{ISBN|0 947643 40 0}}
20. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.ildis.org/AliceWeb/6.00/names/npall/npall_656.shtml | title = ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for Senna | author = | website = International Legume Database & Information Service | publisher = Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics | accessdate = 6 January 2017}}
21. ^¹{{cite web | url = https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=11066 | title = GRIN species records of Senna | author = USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program | date = | website = Germplasm Resources Information Network—(GRIN) [Online Database] | publisher = National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland | accessdate = 6 January 2017}}
22. ^¹{{cite web | url = http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Leguminosae/Senna/ | title = The Plant List entry for Senna | date = 2013 | website = The Plant List | publisher = Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden | accessdate = 6 January 2017}}
23. ^¹[https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=500553 Senna.] Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
24. ^{{cite web |url=http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/ethnobotanydb/resultsdetailed.asp?search=kolomona |title=kolomona, kalamona, heuhiuhi, uhiuhi |work=Hawaiian Ethnobotany Online Database |publisher=Bernice P. Bishop Museum |accessdate=2009-03-10}}
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/sen-gaud.htm |title=Senna gaudichaudii |work=Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa |accessdate=2009-03-10}}
26. ^Senna magnifolia. The Plant List.
27. ^{{GRIN | Senna notabilis | 406031 | accessdate = 12 December 2017}}
28. ^{{GRIN | Senna occidentalis | 100059 | accessdate = 12 December 2017}}
29. ^Senna oligoclada. The Plant List.
30. ^{{GRIN | Senna pleurocarpa | 406855 | accessdate = 12 December 2017}}

Description

Systematics